WordNet

of or relating to or transmitted by a member of the family Muridae (rats and mice); "a murine plague"
a rodent that is a member of the family Muridae
rickettsial disease transmitted by body lice and characterized by skin rash and high fever (同)typhus fever

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発疹(はっしん)チフス

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/17 02:04:53」(JST)

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Murine typhus (also called endemic typhus) is a form of typhus transmitted by fleas (Xenopsylla cheopis), usually on rats. (This is in contrast to epidemic typhus, which is usually transmitted by lice.) Murine typhus is an under-recognized entity, as it is often confused with viral illnesses. Most people who are infected do not realize that they have been bitten by fleas.

Causes

It is caused by the bacteria Rickettsia typhi, and is transmitted by the fleas that infest rats. While rat fleas are the most common vectors, cat fleas and mouse fleas are less common modes of transmission. These fleas are not affected by the infection. Human infection occurs because of flea-fecal contamination of the bites on human skin. Rats, cats, possums maintain the rickettsia colonization by providing it with a host for its entire life cycle. Rats can develop the infection, and help spread the infection to other fleas that infect them, and help multiply the number of infected fleas that can then infect humans.

Less often, endemic typhus is caused by Rickettsia felis and transmitted by fleas carried by cats or opossums.

In the United States of America, Murine typhus is found most commonly in southern California,^[1] Texas and Hawaii. In some studies, up to 13% of children were found to have serological evidence of infection.^[2]

Symptoms

Symptoms of endemic typhus include headache, fever, muscle pain, joint pain, nausea and vomiting. 40–50% of patients will develop a discrete rash six days after the onset of signs. Up to 45% will develop neurological signs such as confusion, stupor, seizures or imbalance.

Symptoms may resemble those of measles, rubella, or possibly Rocky Mountain spotted fever. These symptoms are likely caused by a vasculitis caused by the rickettsia.

Treatment and prognosis

Endemic typhus is highly treatable with antibiotics. Most people recover fully, but death may occur in the elderly, severely disabled or patients with a depressed immune system. The most effective antibiotics include tetracycline and chloramphenicol.

References

^ "Murine (endemic) Typhus" (PDF). California Department of Public Health. Retrieved 30 May 2012.
^ The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal (Impact Factor: 3.57). 07/2000; 19(6):535-8.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 発疹熱の疫学および臨床症状 the epidemiology and clinical manifestations of murine typhus
2. 発疹熱の診断および治療 diagnosis and treatment of murine typhus
3. サハラ以南アフリカへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to sub saharan africa
4. 東南アジアへの旅行によって感染する可能性のある疾患 diseases potentially acquired by travel to southeast asia
5. 発疹チフス epidemic typhus

English Journal

Evaluation of a new serological test for the detection of anti-Coxiella and anti-Rickettsia antibodies.

Bizzini A1, Péter O2, Baud D3, Edouard S4, Meylan P1, Greub G5.
Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur.Microbes Infect.2015 Nov-Dec;17(11-12):811-6. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.09.015. Epub 2015 Sep 30.
Coxiella burnetii and members of the genus Rickettsia are obligate intracellular bacteria. Since cultivation of these organisms requires dedicated techniques, their diagnosis usually relies on serological or molecular biology methods. Immunofluorescence is considered the gold standard to detect anti
PMID 26432518

Rickettsioses in Europe.

Portillo A1, Santibáñez S1, García-Álvarez L1, Palomar AM1, Oteo JA2.
Microbes and infection / Institut Pasteur.Microbes Infect.2015 Nov-Dec;17(11-12):834-8. doi: 10.1016/j.micinf.2015.09.009. Epub 2015 Sep 16.
Bacteria of the genera Rickettsia and Orientia (family rickettsiaceae, order rickettsiales) cause rickettsioses worldwide, and are transmitted by lice, fleas, ticks and mites. In Europe, only Rickettsia spp. cause rickettsioses. With improvement of hygiene, the risk of louse-borne rickettsiosis (epi
PMID 26384814

Shell-vial culture and real-time PCR applied to Rickettsia typhi and Rickettsia felis detection.

Segura F1, Pons I1, Pla J2, Nogueras MM3.
World journal of microbiology & biotechnology.World J Microbiol Biotechnol.2015 Nov;31(11):1747-54. doi: 10.1007/s11274-015-1925-z. Epub 2015 Aug 20.
Murine typhus is a zoonosis transmitted by fleas, whose etiological agent is Rickettsia typhi. Rickettsia felis infection can produces similar symptoms. Both are intracellular microorganisms. Therefore, their diagnosis is difficult and their infections can be misdiagnosed. Early diagnosis prevents s
PMID 26289162