生成機構

WordNet

(economics) manufacturing or mining or growing something (usually in large quantities) for sale; "he introduced more efficient methods of production"
(law) the act of exhibiting in a court of law; "the appellate court demanded the production of all documents"
the act or process of producing something; "Shakespeares production of poetry was enormous"; "the production of white blood cells"
the creation of value or wealth by producing goods and services
a display that is exaggerated or unduly complicated; "she tends to make a big production out of nothing"
a presentation for the stage or screen or radio or television; "have you seen the new production of Hamlet?"
the atomic process that occurs during a chemical reaction; "he determined unique mechanisms for the photochemical reactions" (同)chemical mechanism
the technical aspects of doing something; "a mechanism of social control"; "mechanisms of communication"; "the mechanics of prose style" (同)mechanics
device consisting of a piece of machinery; has moving parts that perform some function
(philosophy) the philosophical theory that all phenomena can be explained in terms of physical or biological causes
a natural object resembling a machine in structure or function; "the mechanism of the ear"; "the mechanism of infection"

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉(…を)『生み出すこと』,(…の)『生産』,産出,製造《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈U〉『生産高』,産出額(量) / 〈C〉『産物』,製品 / 〈U〉(…の)提出,提示《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉(劇・映画などの)製作;(文学などの)作品
〈C〉機械;(部分的な)機械装置 / 〈C〉(機械装置に似た)機構 / 〈C〉(物事が行われる)仕組み,方法 / 〈U〉機械論
《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
OLD French古[代]フランス語

UpToDate Contents

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1. 女性におけるアンドロゲン産生および治療 androgen production and therapy in women
2. 小児における赤血球産生低下による貧血 anemia in children due to decreased red blood cell production
3. ハチ毒免疫療法：有効性、適応、および作用機序 hymenoptera venom immunotherapy efficacy indications and mechanism of action
4. 成人における発熱の病態生理および治療 pathophysiology and treatment of fever in adults
5. コレラ菌感染の病因 pathogenesis of vibrio cholerae infection

English Journal

1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol inhibits progesterone production through the expression of steroidogenic enzymes and cAMP concentration in Leydig cells.

Sun J1, Bai S2, Bai W3, Zou F2, Zhang L2, Li G2, Hu Y2, Li M2, Yan R2, Su Z4, Huang Y2.Author information 1Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Light Industry, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.2Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China.3Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. Electronic address: baiweibin@163.com.4Department of Food Science and Engineering, Department of Developmental and Regenerative Biology, Biopharmaceutical R&D Center, Jinan University, Guangzhou 510632, China. Electronic address: su_zhijian@126.com.Abstract1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) is a well-known food processing contaminant that has been shown to impede male reproductive function. However, its mechanism of action remains elusive. In this study, the effects of 1,3-DCP on progesterone production were investigated using the R2C Leydig cell model. 1,3-DCP significantly reduced cell viability from 7.48% to 97.4% at doses comprised between 0.5 and 6mM. Single cell gel/comet assays and atomic force microscopy assays showed that 1,3-DCP induced early phase cell apoptosis. In addition, 1,3-DCP significantly reduced progesterone production detected by radioimmunoassay (RIA). The results from quantitative polymerase chain reaction and western blotting demonstrated that the mRNA expression levels of steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR), cytochrome P450 side-chain cleavage enzyme and 3β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase were significantly down-regulated in R2C cells. Particularly, the change rhythm of Star expression was highly consistent with progesterone production. Furthermore, the cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) and the mitochondrial membrane potential mediated by ROS, which are involved in regulating progesterone synthesis were also decreased in response to the 1,3-DCP treatment. Overall, the data presented here suggested that 1,3-DCP interferes with the male steroidogenic capacity mainly by down-regulating the level of cAMP and the key enzymes involved in the androgen synthesis pathway.
Food chemistry.Food Chem.2014 Jul 1;154:330-6. doi: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2014.01.017. Epub 2014 Jan 14.
1,3-Dichloro-2-propanol (1,3-DCP) is a well-known food processing contaminant that has been shown to impede male reproductive function. However, its mechanism of action remains elusive. In this study, the effects of 1,3-DCP on progesterone production were investigated using the R2C Leydig cell model
PMID 24518350

Development of gut immunoglobulin A production in piglet in response to innate and environmental factors.

Levast B1, Berri M2, Wilson HL3, Meurens F3, Salmon H2.Author information 1Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada. Electronic address: benoit.levast@mcgill.ca.2Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA), UMR1282 ISP, Nouzilly, France; Université de Tours, UMR1282 ISP, Tours, France.3Vaccine and Infectious Disease Organization (VIDO), Home of the International Vaccine Centre (InterVac), University of Saskatchewan, 120 Veterinary Road, S7N 5E3 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan, Canada.AbstractThe current review focuses on pre- and post-natal development of intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) production in pig. IgA production is influenced by intrinsic genetic factors in the foetus as well as extrinsic environmental factors during the post-natal period. At birth, piglets are exposed to new antigens through maternal colostrums/milk as well as exogenous microbiota. This exposure to new antigens is critical for the proper development of the gut mucosal immune system and is characterized mainly by the establishment of IgA response. A second critical period for neonatal intestinal immune system development occurs at weaning time when the gut environment is exposed to new dietary antigens. Neonate needs to establish oral tolerance and in the absence of protective milk need to fight potential new pathogens. To improve knowledge about the immune response in the neonates, it is important to identify intrinsic and extrinsic factors which influence the intestinal immune system development and to elucidate their mechanism of action.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2014 May;44(1):235-244. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.12.012. Epub 2013 Dec 30.
The current review focuses on pre- and post-natal development of intestinal immunoglobulin A (IgA) production in pig. IgA production is influenced by intrinsic genetic factors in the foetus as well as extrinsic environmental factors during the post-natal period. At birth, piglets are exposed to new
PMID 24384471

Role of goblet cells and mucin layer in protecting maternal IgA in precocious birds.

Bar-Shira E1, Cohen I1, Elad O1, Friedman A2.Author information 1Animal Sciences, R.H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel.2Animal Sciences, R.H. Smith Faculty of Agriculture, Food and Environment, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, PO Box 12, Rehovot 76100, Israel. Electronic address: ronnie.friedman@mail.huji.ac.il.AbstractImmune protection of the gut in early life depends on provision of maternal antibodies, particularly that of IgA. In precocial birds (in this study Gallus gallus domesticus) the egg provides the only source of maternal antibodies, IgA inclusive. The gut-life of IgA in hatchlings is expected to be brief due to antigen binding and intestinal washout, and maternal IgA is likely to be depleted prior to immune independence at 7-10days of age in the domestic fowl. We followed the track of maternal IgA in mucosal surfaces of the fowl and describe for the first time a mechanism that might provide the means to extend the active period of maternal IgA in the gut. Maternal IgA was located in the gut, lung, and cloacal bursa in embryos and hatchlings prior to the appearance of endogenic IgA positive plasma cells (D3 in the bursa or D7 in the gut and lung); the source of IgA was most probably the yolk, as the plasma was devoid of IgA till D7 post-hatch. The levels of maternal IgA decreased with time, but were still easily determined at the onset of endogenous IgA production following maturation of the adaptive immune system. Persistence of maternal IgA in the gut was enabled by goblet cell up-take by a yet un-described mechanism, and its consequent release in a mucin-like layer on enterocyte apical surfaces.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2014 May;44(1):186-94. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2013.12.010. Epub 2013 Dec 24.
Immune protection of the gut in early life depends on provision of maternal antibodies, particularly that of IgA. In precocial birds (in this study Gallus gallus domesticus) the egg provides the only source of maternal antibodies, IgA inclusive. The gut-life of IgA in hatchlings is expected to be br
PMID 24370536

Japanese Journal

Oxidation mechanism of black tea pigment theaflavin by peroxidase

Kusano Rie,Matsuo Yosuke,Saito Yoshinori,Tanaka Takashi
Tetrahedron Letters 56(36), 5099-5102, 2015-09-02
… A large number of black tea polyphenols remain uncharacterized because of the complexity of catechin oxidation reactions that occur during tea fermentation. … In the course of our studies on black tea polyphenols, we examined the enzymatic degradation of theaflavins, which are black tea pigments having a benzotropolone chromophore. …
NAID 120005646370

Effectiveness of Approximation Strategy in Surrogateassisted Fireworks Algorithm

Pei Yan,Zheng Shaoqiu,Tan Ying,Takagi Hideyuki
International Journal of
… We investigate the effectiveness of approximation strategy in a surrogate-assisted fireworks algorithm, which obtains the elite from approximate fitness landscape to enhance its optimization performance. … We study the effectiveness of approximation strategy from the aspects of approximation method, sampling data selection method and sampling size. … We discuss and analyze the optimization performance of each method. …
NAID 120005624070

An Ultrasensitive Mechanism Regulates Influenza Virus-Induced Inflammation

Shoemaker Jason E.,Fukuyama Satoshi,Eisfeld Amie J.,Zhao Dongming,Kawakami Eiryo,Sakabe Saori,Maemura Tadashi,Gorai Takeo,Katsura Hiroaki,Muramoto Yukiko,Watanabe Shinji,Watanabe Tokiko,Fuji Ken,Matsuoka Yukiko,Kitano Hiroaki,Kawaoka Yoshihiro
PLOS Pathogens 11(6), e1004856, 2015-06-05
… Highly pathogenic influenza virus infections generally coincide with early, high levels of inflammatory cytokines that some studies have suggested may be regulated in a strain-dependent manner. … However, a comprehensive characterization of the complex dynamics of the inflammatory response induced by virulent influenza strains is lacking. …
NAID 120005625374