WordNet
- (nautical) the distance traveled by a sailing vessel on a single tack
- a cloth covering consisting of the part of a pair of trousers that covers a persons leg
- one of the supports for a piece of furniture
- a human limb; commonly used to refer to a whole limb but technically only the part of the limb between the knee and ankle
- a structure in animals that is similar to a human leg and used for locomotion
- the limb of an animal used for food
- a section of something that is long and narrow; "a length of timber"; "a length of tubing"
- the linear extent in space from one end to the other; the longest dimension of something that is fixed in place; "the length of the table was 5 feet"
- the property of being the extent of something from beginning to end; "the editor limited the length of my article to 500 words"
- lack of equality; "the growing inequality between rich and poor"
- staying power; "that old Broadway play really has legs"
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (人・動物の)『脚』 / (ズボン・靴下などの)脚をおおう部分,脚部 / (家具などの)脚,形(機能)が脚に似た物 / (三角形の底辺を除く)一辺 / (旅などの全行程の中の)一区切り,一区間
- 〈U〉〈C〉(空間・時間の)『長さ』 / 〈U〉〈C〉長いこと,長い状態 / 〈C〉単位となる長さ;(競馬・競艇の)1馬身,1艇身 / 〈C〉ある長さの物(部分)
- 〈U〉〈C〉(大きさ・数・量・程度などが)等しくないこと,不平等,不同 / 《複数形で》表面に不ぞろい,でこぼこ / 〈U〉不等;〈C〉不等式
- liter[s]
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2018/04/28 00:00:57」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Unequal leg length |
|
A girl with a congenital, structural difference in leg lengths is walking in a clinic. |
Specialty |
Rheumatology |
Unequal leg length (also termed leg length inequality, LLI or leg length discrepancy, LLD) is where the legs are either different lengths or appear to be different lengths because of misalignment.
Contents
- 1 Classification
- 2 Treatment
- 3 Measurement challenges
- 4 References
- 5 External links
Classification
There are two main types of leg length inequalities:
- Structural differences are caused by the legs themselves being measurably different in length, usually due to differences in the length of the femur in the thigh or the tibia and fibula bones in the lower leg. This may be a birth defect or it may occur after a broken leg, serious infection, or local damage to one of the growth plates in a leg.
- The other, more common, type is seen when the legs themselves are the same length, but due to neuromuscular injuries in the pelvis or upper leg, one leg or hip is held higher and tighter than the other (hypertonicity in the musculature of the pelvis or leg). These unequally tightened muscles cause the legs to seem to be different lengths, even though careful measurement would show equal lengths of the actual leg. This is called leg length alignment asymmetry (LLAA) and can be seen while lying down.[1]
Treatment
The most common treatment for discrepancies in leg length is the use of a simple heel lift, which can be placed within the shoe. In cases where the length discrepancy is moderate, an external build up to the shoe is usually more comfortable. In severe cases, surgery can be used to make the longer leg shorter (or impede its growth), and/or make the shorter leg longer.
Measurement challenges
Although prone "functional leg length" is a widely used chiropractic tool in their Activator technique, it is not a recognized anthropometric technique, since legs are usually of unequal length, and measurements in the prone position are not entirely valid estimates of standing X-ray differences.[2] Measurements in the standing position are far more reliable.[3] Another confounding factor is that simply moving the two legs held together and leaning them imperceptibly to one side or the other produces different results.[4]
Clinical measurement of leg length conventionally uses the distance from the anterior superior iliac spine to the medial malleolus.[5] Projectional radiographic measurements of leg length have two main variants:[6]
- Teleroentgenogram, which projects the entirety of both legs at the same time.
- Orthoroentgenogram, which takes separate images of the hip, knee and ankle.
On X-rays, the length of the lower limb can be measured from the proximal end of femoral head to the center of the plafond of the distal tibia.[7]
References
- ^ Knutson G. A. (2005). "Anatomic and functional leg-length inequality: A review and recommendation for clinical decision-making. Part II, the functional or unloaded leg-length asymmetry". Chiropractic & Osteopathy. 13 (12). doi:10.1186/1746-1340-13-12.
- ^ D W Rhodes, E R Mansfield, P A Bishop, J F Smith. The validity of the prone leg check as an estimate of standing leg length inequality measured by X-ray. J Manipulative Physiol Ther. ;18 (6):343-6
- ^ Hanada E, Kirby RL, Mitchell M, Swuste JM (Jul 2001). "Measuring leg-length discrepancy by the "iliac crest palpation and book correction" method: reliability and validity". Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 82 (7): 938–42. doi:10.1053/apmr.2001.22622.
- ^ Keeping Your Spine In Line, Adjusting the Joints, and Video, Alan Alda, PBS, Scientific American Frontiers. Video discusses Activator technique and leg length
- ^ Page 305 in: M. Lynn Palmer, Marcia E. Epler, Marcia F. Epler (1998). Fundamentals of Musculoskeletal Assessment Techniques. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 9780781710077.
- ^ Page 269 in: Dror Paley (2002). Principles of Deformity Correction, Volume 1. Springer Science & Business Media. ISBN 9783540416654.
- ^ Sabharwal, Sanjeev; Zhao, Caixia; McKeon, John; Melaghari, Todd; Blacksin, Marcia; Wenekor, Cornelia (2007). "Reliability Analysis for Radiographic Measurement of Limb Length Discrepancy". Journal of Pediatric Orthopaedics. 27 (1): 46–50. doi:10.1097/01.bpo.0000242444.26929.9f. ISSN 0271-6798.
External links
Classification |
V · T · D
- ICD-10: M21.7
- ICD-9-CM: 736.81, 755.30
|
Musculoskeletal disorders: Acquired musculoskeletal deformities (M20–M25, M95, 734–738)
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Upper limb |
shoulder |
- Winged scapula
- Adhesive capsulitis
- Rotator cuff tear
- Subacromial bursitis
|
elbow |
- Cubitus valgus
- Cubitus varus
|
hand deformity |
- Wrist drop
- Boutonniere deformity
- Swan neck deformity
- Mallet finger
|
|
Lower limb |
hip |
- Protrusio acetabuli
- Coxa valga
- Coxa vara
|
leg |
|
patella |
- Luxating patella
- Chondromalacia patellae
- Patella baja
- Patella alta
|
foot deformity |
- Bunion/hallux valgus
- Hallux varus
- Hallux rigidus
- Hammer toe
- Foot drop
- Flat feet
- Club foot
|
knee |
|
|
Head |
|
General terms |
- Valgus deformity/Varus deformity
- Joint stiffness
- Ligamentous laxity
|
Orthopedic examination
|
General |
- Straight leg raise
- Gait abnormality
- Unequal leg length
- Range of motion
- Palpation
|
Leg |
Hip examination |
- Galeazzi test
- Barlow maneuver
- Ober's test
- Ortolani test
- Patrick's test
- Thomas test
- Trendelenburg's sign
|
Knee examination |
- Apley grind test
- Ballottement
- Clarke's test
- Drawer test
- Lachman test
- McMurray test
- Patellar tap
- Pivot-shift test
- Wilson test
- Valgus stress test
|
Foot & Ankle |
- Hubscher's maneuver
- Mulder's sign
- Simmonds' test
|
|
Arm |
Shoulder examination |
- Apprehension test
- Gerber's test
- Hawkins–Kennedy test
- Neer impingement sign
- O'Brien's test
- Speed's test
- Yergason's test
|
Elbow examination |
- Cozen's test
- Elbow extension test
|
Wrist & Hand |
- Durkan's test
- Finkelstein's test
- Froment's sign
- Lunotriquetral shear test
- Phalen maneuver
- Tinel sign
- Watson's test
|
|
Spine |
- Gaenslen's test
- Schober's test
- Waddell's signs
- Larrey's sign
|
UpToDate Contents
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- 3. 低身長の原因 causes of short stature
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English Journal
- Brief Report: Leg Length Inequality and Hip Osteoarthritis in the Multicenter Osteoarthritis Study and the Osteoarthritis Initiative.
- Kim C1, Nevitt M2, Guermazi A1, Niu J1, Clancy M1, Tolstykh I2, Jungmann PM3, Lane NE4, Segal NA5, Harvey WF6, Lewis CE7, Felson DT8.
- Arthritis & rheumatology (Hoboken, N.J.).Arthritis Rheumatol.2018 Oct;70(10):1572-1576. doi: 10.1002/art.40537.
- PMID 29700988
- [Modified neck-lengthening osteotomy after Morscher in children and adolescents].
- Placzek R1, Gathen M2, Koob S2, Jacobs C2, Ploeger MM2.
- Operative Orthopadie und Traumatologie.Oper Orthop Traumatol.2018 Oct;30(5):379-386. doi: 10.1007/s00064-018-0561-9. Epub 2018 Aug 8.
- PMID 30091056
- Revision surgery for leg length inequality after primary hip replacement.
- McWilliams AB1, Lampropoulos A1, Stone MH1.
- Hip international : the journal of clinical and experimental research on hip pathology and therapy.Hip Int.2018 Sep;28(5):554-558. doi: 10.1177/1120700017752568. Epub 2018 Jun 5.
- PMID 29865895
Japanese Journal
- The influence of pelvic adjustment on vertical jump height in female university students with functional leg length inequality
- The Influence of Pelvic Adjustment on Functional Leg Length Inequality and Foot Pressure
- 人工股関節全置換術におけるキルシュナー鋼線を用いた術中脚長モニタリング法
Related Pictures
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- 関
- lower extremity、peduncle、pedunculi、pedunculus