WordNet

the substance that is acted upon by an enzyme or ferment
a surface on which an organism grows or is attached; "the gardener talked about the proper substrate for acid-loving plants" (同)substratum
an indigenous language that contributes features to the language of an invading people who impose their language on the indigenous population; "the Celtic languages of Britain are a substrate for English" (同)substratum
any stratum or layer lying underneath another (同)substratum
hormone secreted by the isles of Langerhans in the pancreas; regulates storage of glycogen in the liver and accelerates oxidation of sugar in cells
a cellular structure that is postulated to exist in order to mediate between a chemical agent that acts on nervous tissue and the physiological response

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インシュリン(膵臓(すいぞう)ホルモンで糖尿病治療剤)
=sense organ / 受信装置

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1. インスリン受容体の構造および機能 structure and function of the insulin receptor
2. インスリン様成長因子 Iの生理学 physiology of insulin like growth factor i
3. 2型糖尿病の病因 pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus
4. インスリン作用 insulin action
5. 非アルコール性脂肪性肝疾患の病因 pathogenesis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease

English Journal

FOXO1 involvement in insulin resistance-related pro-inflammatory cytokine production in hepatocytes.

Miao H, Zhang Y, Lu Z, Liu Q, Gan L.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, 400038, China, hongming.miao@gmail.com.
Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.].Inflamm Res.2012 Jan 6. [Epub ahead of print]
OBJECTIVE: Low-grade inflammation from hepatocytes plays a causal role in hepatic and systemic insulin resistance (IR). We aimed to explore whether and how FOXO1 was involved in IR-related inflammation in hepatocytes.METHODS: We determined FOXO1 expression and activity, insulin and NF-κB signaling,
PMID 22223069

Metabotyping of Long-Lived Mice using 1H NMR Spectroscopy.

Wijeyesekera A, Selman C, Barton RH, Holmes E, Withers D, Nicholson JK.AbstractSignificant advances in understanding aging have been achieved through studying model organisms with extended healthy lifespan. Employing 1H-NMR spectroscopy we characterized the plasma metabolic phenotype (metabotype) of three long-lived murine models: 30% dietary restricted (DR), insulin receptor substrate 1 null (Irs1-/-) and Ames dwarf (Prop1df/df). A panel of metabolic differences were generated for each model relative to their controls and subsequently the three long-lived models were compared to one another. Concentrations of mobile very low density lipoproteins, trimethylamine, and choline were significantly decreased in the plasma of all three models. Metabolites including glucose, choline, glycerophosphocholine and various lipids were significantly reduced; while acetoacetate, D-3-hydroxybutyrate and trimethylamine-N-oxide levels increased in DR compared to ad libitum controls. Plasma lipids and glycerophosphocholine were also decreased in Irs1-/- mice compared to controls, as were methionine and citrate. In contrast, high density lipoproteins and glycerophosphocholine were increased in Ames dwarf mice, as were methionine and citrate. Pairwise comparisons indicated differences existed between the metabotypes of the long-lived mice. Irs1-/- mice, for example, had elevated glucose, acetate, acetone and creatine, but lower methionine relative to DR mice and Ames dwarfs. Our study identified several potential candidate biomarkers directionally altered across all three models that may be predictive of longevity but also identified differences in the metabolic signatures. This comparative approach suggests that the metabolic networks underlying lifespan extension may not be exactly the same for each model of longevity and is consistent with multi-factorial control of the aging process.
Journal of proteome research.J Proteome Res.2012 Jan 6. [Epub ahead of print]
Significant advances in understanding aging have been achieved through studying model organisms with extended healthy lifespan. Employing 1H-NMR spectroscopy we characterized the plasma metabolic phenotype (metabotype) of three long-lived murine models: 30% dietary restricted (DR), insulin receptor
PMID 22225495

Japanese Journal

Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Suppresses the Production of Adipocytokines, Leptin, Tumor Necrosis Factor -Alpha and Resistin, during Differentiation to Adipocytes in 3T3-L1 Cells

Juman Sachiko,Yasui Naomi,Okuda Hiroto,Ueda Ai,Negishi Hiroko,Miki Tomohiro,Ikeda Katsumi
Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 34(4), 490-494, 2011
… We previously reported that caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) suppresses 3T3-L1 differentiation to adipocytes through the inhibition of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR) gamma, CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) alpha, fatty acid synthase (Fas) and adipocytes-specific fatty acid binding protein 2 (aP2) expressions (Juman et al., Biol. …
NAID 130000657836

Disruption of TBP-2 ameliorates insulin sensitivity and secretion without affecting obesity.

Yoshihara Eiji,Fujimoto Shimpei,Inagaki Nobuya,Okawa Katsuya,Masaki So,Yodoi Junji,Masutani Hiroshi
Nature communications 1, 2010-11
… Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is characterized by defects in both insulin sensitivity and glucose-stimulated insulin secretion (GSIS) and is often accompanied by obesity. … TBP-2-deficient ob/ob mice exhibited enhanced insulin sensitivity with activated insulin receptor substrate-1/Akt signalling in skeletal muscle and GSIS in islets compared with ob/ob mice. …
NAID 120004247246