superior oblique muscle

上斜筋

同

SO

WordNet

1. of or characteristic of high rank or importance; "a superior ruler"
2. one of greater rank or station or quality (同)higher-up, superordinate
3. the head of a religious community
4. (often followed by `to'
5. (sometimes followed by `to'
6. having an orbit farther from the sun than the Earths orbit; "Mars and Jupiter are the closest in of the superior planets"
7. of high or superior quality or performance; "superior wisdom derived from experience"; "superior math students"
8. make ones way by force; "He muscled his way into the office"
9. animal tissue consisting predominantly of contractile cells (同)muscular_tissue
10. one of the contractile organs of the body (同)musculus
11. authority or power or force (especially when used in a coercive way); "the senators used their muscle to get the party leader to resign"
12. slanting or inclined in direction or course or position--neither parallel nor perpendicular nor right-angled; "the oblique rays of the winter sun"; "acute and obtuse angles are oblique angles"; "the axis of an oblique cone is not perpendicular to its base"
13. any grammatical case other than the nominative (同)oblique case
14. a town in northwest Wisconsin on Lake Superior across from Duluth

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. (程度・質が)『普通(平均)以上に優れた』,優秀な / (地位・階級などが)『上位の』,上級の,目上の / (数量的に)勝る,優勢な / (用動が)偉ぶった,高慢な / 《補語にのみ用いて》(…に)屈しない,動じない《+to+名》 / 《名詞の前にのみ用いて》(動・植物の器官や部分が)上位の,上についている / (地位・階級などが)『上位の人』,上役,上司,先輩 / 『いっそう優れた人』 / 《しばしば S-》修道院長
2. 〈U〉(動物体の組織としての)『筋肉』,筋(きん);〈C〉(体の各部を動かす)筋肉 / 〈U〉力,(特に)筋力,腕力 / 《俗に》(…に)強引に割り込む《+『in on』(『into, through』)+『名』》
3. 傾いた,斜めの / 間接の,遠回しの / 〈C〉〈U〉斜線(/)
4. スペリオル湖(lake~;北米五大湖中で最北最大のもの)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2012/08/11 00:33:01」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Superior oblique
Rectus muscles: 2 = superior, 3 = inferior, 4 = medial, 5 = lateral Oblique muscles: 6 = superior, 8 = inferior Other muscle: 9 = levator palpebrae superioris Other structures: 1 = Annulus of Zinn, 7 = Trochlea, 10 = Superior tarsus, 11 = Sclera, 12 = Optic nerve
Sagittal section of right orbital cavity.
Latin	musculus obliquus superior bulbi
Gray's	subject #227 1022
Origin	annulus of Zinn at the orbital apex, medial to optic canal
Insertion	Outer posterior quadrant of the eyeball
Artery	lateral muscular branch of the ophthalmic artery
Nerve	trochlear nerve
Actions	primary action is intorsion; secondary actions are to abduct (laterally rotate) and depress the eyeball (i.e. it makes the eye move outward and downward)

For the abdominal muscle see: Abdominal external oblique muscle

The superior oblique muscle, or obliquus oculi superior, is a fusiform muscle originating in the upper, medial side of the orbit (i.e. from beside the nose) which abducts, depresses and internally rotates the eye. It is the only extraocular muscle innervated by the trochlear nerve (the fourth cranial nerve).

Action

The extraocular muscles rotate the eyeball around vertical, horizontal and antero-posterior axes. Extraocular muscles other than the medial rectus and lateral rectus have more than one action due to the angle they make with the optical axis of the eye while inserting into the eyeball. The superior and inferior oblique muscles make an angle of 51 degrees with the optical axis. The primary (main) action of the superior oblique muscle is intorsion (internal rotation), the secondary action is depression (primarily in the adducted position) and the tertiary action is abduction (lateral rotation). The actions are remembered by the mnemonic 'SO-LID'

The depressing action of superior oblique (making the eye look down towards the mouth) is most effective when the eye is in an adducted position. This is because as the eye is abducted (looks laterally), the contribution made by superior oblique to depression of the eye decreases, as the inferior rectus muscle causes this movement more directly and powerfully. The main muscle for abduction is the lateral rectus, so although superior oblique contributes to a downwards and lateral eye movement, testing this motion would not be specific enough as inferior and lateral recti muscles would also be tested. Therefore, during neurological examinations, the superior oblique is tested by having the patient look inwards and downwards, testing only the depressing action of the muscle. This is a source of confusion on the subject as although clinical testing asks the patient to adduct and depress the eye, anatomically the muscle depresses and abducts it.

The great importance of intorsion and extorsion produced by the two oblique muscles can only be understood when it is considered with regards to the other muscle actions present. The two obliques prevent the eye from rotating about its long axis (retina to pupil) when the superior and inferior rectus muscles contract. This is because the orbit does not face directly forwards- the centre-line of the orbit is a little over 20 degrees out from the mid-line. But because the eyes do face forwards, when acting alone, as well as making the eye look up, superior rectus causes it to rotate slightly about the long axis, so the top of the eye moves medially (intorsion). Similarly, in addition to making the eye look down, inferior rectus would cause the eye to rotate about the long axis so the top of the eye moves slightly laterally (extorsion), if acting alone. Clearly this is undesirable as our vision would rotate when we looked up and down. For this reason, these two rectus muscles work in conjunction with the two obliques. When acting alone, superior oblique causes intorsion, inferior oblique, extorsion. Hence, when inferior rectus contracts so we look down, superior oblique also contracts to prevent extorsion of the eye, and when superior rectus contracts so we look up, inferior oblique contracts to prevent intorsion, thus the undesired rotatory actions of the inferior and superior recti about the long axis of the eye are cancelled out. This keeps our vision horizontally level, irrespective of eye position in the orbit.

Origin and insertion

The origin for the superior oblique is the Annulus of Zinn. It loops through a pulley-like structure (the trochlea of superior oblique) and inserts into the sclera on the posterotemporal surface of the eyeball. It is the pulley system that gives superior oblique its actions, causing depression of the eyeball despite being inserted on its top.

Superior oblique nerve

It arises immediately above the margin of the optic foramen, above and medial to the origin of the superior rectus, and, passing forward, ends in a rounded tendon, which plays in a fibrocartilaginous ring or pulley attached to the trochlear fovea of the frontal bone.

The contiguous surfaces of the tendon and ring are lined by a delicate mucous sheath, and enclosed in a thin fibrous investment.

The tendon is reflected backward, lateralward, and downward beneath the superior rectus to the lateral part of the bulb of the eye, and is inserted onto the scleral surface, behind the equator of the eyeball, the insertion of the muscle lying between the superior rectus and Rectus lateralis.

Clinical significance

Superior oblique palsy is a common complication of closed head trauma. Restriction of superior oblique movement due to an inelastic tendon is found in Brown syndrome, leading to difficulty elevating the eye in the adducted position.

Superior oblique myokymia is an uncommon neurological condition caused by vascular compression of the trochlear nerve resulting in repeated, brief, involuntary episodes of movement of the eye.

Operations of the superior oblique include tenotomy, recession, silicone expander lengthening, split tendon lengthening, tucking, and the Harada-Ito procedure.

Additional images

• Eye movement of lateral rectus muscle, superior view

• Eye movement of medial rectus muscle, superior view

• Eye movement of inferior rectus muscle, superior view

• Eye movement of superior rectus muscle, superior view

• Eye movement of superior oblique muscle, superior view

• Eye movement of inferior oblique muscle, superior view

• Anterior view

credit: Patrick J. Lynch

• Nerves of the orbit. Seen from above.

• Dissection showing origins of right ocular muscles, and nerves entering by the superior orbital fissure.

References

External links

• LUC so
• SUNY Figs 29:01-03
• Superior+oblique+muscle at eMedicine Dictionary

This article was originally based on an entry from a public domain edition of Gray's Anatomy. As such, some of the information contained within it may be outdated.

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

• 1. 成人における第三脳神経（動眼神経）麻痺 third cranial nerve oculomotor nerve palsy in adults
• 2. 高齢者における身体活動および運動 physical activity and exercise in older adults
• 3. 肩部の身体診察 physical examination of the shoulder
• 4. 思春期および成人における労作性熱中症：疫学、体温調節、危険因子、および診断 exertional heat illness in adolescents and adults epidemiology thermoregulation risk factors and diagnosis
• 5. 横紋筋融解症の原因 causes of rhabdomyolysis

English Journal

• The anterolateral thigh - Vastus lateralis conjoint flap for complex defects of the lower limb.

• Wong CH, Ong YS, Wei FC.SourceDepartment of Plastic Reconstructive and Aesthetic Surgery, Singapore General Hospital, Outram Road, Singapore 169608, Singapore.
• Journal of plastic, reconstructive & aesthetic surgery : JPRAS.J Plast Reconstr Aesthet Surg.2011 Sep 19. [Epub ahead of print]
• INTRODUCTION: Complex and extensive lower limb defects remain difficult reconstructive problems. Conventional flaps may not be large enough or lack the versatility that allows precise tissue positioning to optimally cover the wound. The anterolateral thigh-vastus lateralis conjoint flap provides a s
• PMID 21937295

• Congenital Superior Oblique Palsy and Trochlear Nerve Absence A Clinical and Radiological Study.

• Yang HK, Kim JH, Hwang JM.SourceDepartment of Ophthalmology, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam, Korea.
• Ophthalmology.Ophthalmology.2011 Sep 15. [Epub ahead of print]
• OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patients with congenital superior oblique palsy (SOP) by classifying them according to their magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) findings and cross-comparing the clinical characteristics of each group.DESIGN: Retrospective, observational study.PARTICIPANTS: Ninety-seven consecuti
• PMID 21924501

Japanese Journal

• 眼瞼・眼窩周囲組織に対する手術時の注意点 (特集 眼瞼の退行性疾患に対する眼形成外科手術) -- (退行性(加齢性)眼瞼疾患の手術における注意事項)

• 柿崎 裕彦
• ペパーズ (51), 156-162, 2011-03
• NAID 40018768237

• 両上斜筋麻痺で発見された小児脳腫瘍の一例 (第66回日本弱視斜視学会(3))

• 有村 夏来,木村 正彦,長村 洋徳 [他]
• 眼科臨床紀要 4(3), 231-235, 2011
• NAID 40018755691

Related Links

• Superior oblique muscle - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

For the abdominal muscle see: External oblique muscle. The superior oblique muscle, or obliquus oculi superior, is a fusiform muscle originating in the upper, medial side of the orbit (i.e. from beside the nose) which abducts, depresses and ...

Related Pictures

---

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「上斜筋」
関連記事	「superior」「oblique」「superio」「muscle」

「上斜筋」

　　[★]

英

superior oblique (K), superior oblique muscle, SO

ラ

musculus obliquus superior

関

外眼筋、眼筋、眼筋群

• 神経：滑車神経
• 眼球への付着部位：上面の後外側に付着し、前内側方にむかう
• 運動：下外方

• 内転位で下方視への貢献が大きく(前後軸と筋付着部位が鈍角)、外転位では下方視への作用は小さくなる(前後軸と筋付着部位が鋭角～ほぼ並行)　→　Bielschowsky徴候

臨床関連

• 外転神経麻痺

参考

• 1. wiki ja

http://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%8A%E6%96%9C%E7%AD%8B

「superior」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 優位な, 優れた, 上の, 上方の, 上位の

関

dominance、dominant、dominantly、epi、epistasis、epistatic、excellent、good、predominately、senior、superio、superiorly、supra

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「oblique」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 斜位の、斜めの、傾斜した、斜方の

関

heterophoria、inclination、incline、obliquely、phoria、skewing

　 　 　

「superio」

　　[★]

• comb form.

• 上位、上

関

epi、epistasis、epistatic、senior、superior、supra

「muscle」

　　[★]

• n.

• 筋肉