驚愕反応

WordNet

play in the starting lineup
the advantage gained by beginning early (as in a race); "with an hours start he will be hard to catch" (同)head_start
a turn to be a starter (in a game at the beginning); "he got his start because one of the regular pitchers was in the hospital"; "his starting meant that the coach thought he was one of their best linemen" (同)starting
a line indicating the location of the start of a race or a game (同)starting line, scratch, scratch line
the beginning of anything; "it was off to a good start"
begin or set in motion; "I start at eight in the morning"; "Ready, set, go!" (同)go, get going
bulge outward; "His eyes popped" (同)protrude, pop, pop_out, bulge, bulge out, bug out, come_out
get going or set in motion; "We simply could not start the engine"; "start up the computer" (同)start up
get off the ground; "Who started this company?"; "We embarked on an exciting enterprise"; "I start my day with a good breakfast"; "We began the new semester"; "The afternoon session begins at 4 PM"; "The blood shed started when the partisans launched a surprise attack" (同)start up, embark on, commence
begin work or acting in a certain capacity, office or job; "Take up a position"; "start a new job" (同)take_up
(mechanics) the equal and opposite force that is produced when any force is applied to a body; "every action has an equal and opposite reaction"
a response that reveals a persons feelings or attitude; "he was pleased by the audiences reaction to his performance"; "John feared his mothers reaction when she saw the broken lamp"
a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some antecedent stimulus or agent; "a bad reaction to the medicine"; "his responses have slowed with age" (同)response
doing something in opposition to another way of doing it that you dont like; "his style of painting was a reaction against cubism"
an idea evoked by some experience; "his reaction to the news was to start planning what to do"
extreme conservatism in political or social matters; "the forces of reaction carried the election"
move or jump suddenly, as if in surprise or alarm; "She startled when I walked into the room" (同)jump, start
a sudden involuntary movement; "he awoke with a start" (同)jump, start
to stimulate to action ; "..startled him awake"; "galvanized into action" (同)galvanize, galvanise
so remarkably different or sudden as to cause momentary shock or alarm; "Sydneys startling new Opera House"; "startling news"; "startling earthquake shocks"
excited by sudden surprise or alarm and making a quick involuntary movement; "students startled by the teachers quiet return"; "the sudden fluttering of the startled pigeons"; "her startled expression"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…から…に向かって)『出発する』《+『from』+『名』+『for』(『to』)+『名』》 / 〈事が〉『始まる』,発生する;)…で)始まる《+『with』+『塁』》,(…から)生じる《+『from』+『名』》 / 〈人が〉『活動し始める』,〈機械などが〉動き始める;(…を)始める,(…に)着手する《+『in』(『on』)+『名』》 / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》〈人が〉(…に驚いて)急に動く;《比喩(ひゆ)的に》ぎまりとする,ぎょっとする《+『at』+『名』》 / 《しばしば副詞[句]を伴って》〈物が〉急に動く,飛び出る,噴出する / (試合の)先発メンバーになる / …‘を'『始める』,開始する / 〈人〉‘に'始めさせる / …‘を'生じさせる,引き起こす / 〈機械など〉‘を'『始動させる』 / …‘を'使い始める / 〈獲物〉‘を'狩り出す,飛び立たせる,先発メンバーしとて出す / 〈C〉『出発』,スタート;出発点 / 〈C〉(事業などの)『開始』,着手 / 〈C〉最初,初め,出だし / 〈C〉《a ~》はっと(びっくり)すること,びっくりして飛び上がること / 〈U〉《時にa ~》(…に対する)先発[権],優先[権];機先《+『on』(『over』)+『名』》
{名}(…に対する)『反応』《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…に対する)(政治的・社会的な)『反動』,逆コース《+『against』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉化学反応,化学変化 / 〈U〉〈C〉(物理学で)反作用
…‘を'『飛び上がらせる』,ぎょっとさせる / (…に)ぎょっとする,はっとする《+『at』+『名』》 / 突然の驚き,はっとすること
驚くべき,びっくりさせる(surprising)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/09/13 04:24:51」(JST)

wiki en

The startle response is a defensive response to sudden or threatening stimuli, and is associated with negative affect.^[1] Usually the onset of the startle response is reflectory. The startle reflex is a brainstem reflectory reaction (reflex) that serves to protect the back of the neck (whole-body startle) or the eye (eyeblink) and facilitates escape from sudden stimuli. It is found across the lifespan and in many species. An individual's emotional state may lead to a variety of responses.^[2]

Neuromotor examination

During neuromotor examination of newborns, it is noted that, for a number of techniques, the patterns of the startle reaction and the Moro reflex may significantly overlap, the notable distinction being the absence of arm abduction (spreading) during startle response.^[3]

Acoustic startle reflex

The Acoustic Startle Reflex is thought to be caused by an auditory stimulus greater than 80 decibels.^[4] The reflex is typically measured by electromyography, brain imagining or sometimes positron electron tomography ^[5]^[6] There are many brain structures and pathways thought to be involved in the reflex. The amygdala, hippocampus, bed nucleus of the stria terminalis (BNST) and anterior cingulate cortex are all thought to play a role in modulating the reflex.^[7]^[8] The Anterior Cingulate Cortex in the brain is largely thought to be the main area associated with emotional response and awareness, which can contribute to the way an individual reacts to a startle inducing stimuli.^[9] Along with the anterior cingulate cortex, the amygdala and the hippocampus are known to have implications in this reflex. The amygdala is known to have a role in the “fight or flight” response, and the hippocampus functions to form memories of the stimulus and the emotions associated with it.^[10] The role of the BNST in the acoustic startle reflex may be attributed to specific areas within the nucleus responsible for stress and anxiety responses.^[11] Activation of the BNST by certain hormones is thought to promote a startle response ^[12] The auditory pathway for this response was largely elucidated in rats in the 1980s.^[13] The basic pathway follows the auditory pathway from the ear up to the nucleus of the lateral lemniscus (LLN) from where it activates a motor centre in the reticular formation. This centre sends descending projections to lower motor neurones of the limbs^{[clarification needed]}.

In slightly more detail this corresponds to Ear (cochlea) -> Cranial Nerve VIII (auditory) -> Cochlear Nucleus (ventral/inferior) -> LLN -> Caudal pontine reticular nucleus (PnC). The whole process has a less than 10ms^{[clarification needed]} latency. There is no involvement of the superior/rostral or inferior/caudal colliculus in the reaction that "twitches" the hindlimbs, but these may be important for adjustment of pinnae, gaze towards the direction of the sound or the associated blink.^[14]

References

^ Rammirez-Moreno,David."A computational model for the modulation of the prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex". Biological Cybernetics,2012,p.169
^ "Peter J. Lang, Margaret M. Bradley, Bruce M Cuthbert. "Emotion, attention, and the startle reflex" 1990". Mendeley.com. Retrieved 2011-10-01.
^ http://books.google.com/books?id=2chdTE4SHE8C&pg=PA472
^ Rammirez-Moreno,David."A computational model for the modulation of the prepulse inhibition of the acoustic startle reflex". Biological Cybernetics,2012,p.169
^ Pissiota,Anna. "Amygdala and Anterior Cingulate Cortex Activation During Affective Startle Modulation:a PET Study of Fear". The European Journal of Neuroscience,2003,p 1325
^ Phillips, R.G. "Differential Contribution of Amygdala and Hippocampus to Cued and Contextual Fear Conditioning". Behavioral Neuroscience,1992,p.274
^ Medford, Nick. "Conjoint Activity of Anterior Insular and Anterior Cingulate Cortex:Awareness and Response". Brain Structure and Function,2010,p.535
^ Lee, Younglim. "Role of the Hippocampus, the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis, and the Amygdala in the Excitatory Effect of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone on the Acoustic Startle Reflex". The Journal of Neuroscience,1997,p.6434
^ Medford, Nick. "Conjoint Activity of Anterior Insular and Anterior Cingulate Cortex:Awareness and Response". Brain Structure and Function,2010,p.535
^ Grouen, Wouter. "Amygdala and Hippocampus Enlargement During Adolescence in Autism".Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry,2010,p.552
^ Lee, Younglim. "Role of the Hippocampus, the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis, and the Amygdala in the Excitatory Effect of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone on the Acoustic Startle Reflex". The Journal of Neuroscience,1997,p.6434
^ Lee, Younglim. "Role of the Hippocampus, the Bed Nucleus of the Stria Terminalis, and the Amygdala in the Excitatory Effect of Corticotropin-Releasing Hormone on the Acoustic Startle Reflex". The Journal of Neuroscience,1997,p.6434
^ Davis, M; Gendelman, Ds; Tischler, Md; Gendelman, Pm (Jun 1982). "A primary acoustic startle circuit: lesion and stimulation studies" (Free full text). Journal of Neuroscience 2 (6): 791–805. ISSN 0270-6474. PMID 7086484.
^ Castellote, Jm; Kumru, H; Queralt, A; Valls-Solé, J (Feb 2007). "A startle speeds up the execution of externally guided saccades". Experimental brain research. Experimentelle Hirnforschung. Experimentation cerebrale 177 (1): 129–36. doi:10.1007/s00221-006-0659-4. ISSN 0014-4819. PMID 16944110.

External links

Startle Response and PTSD

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. 機能性不随意運動 functional movement disorders
2. 小児における運動過多な運動障害 hyperkinetic movement disorders in children
3. 幼児における非てんかん性発作性障害 nonepileptic paroxysmal disorders in infancy
4. 症候性（二次性）ミオクローヌス symptomatic secondary myoclonus
5. 小児における全身性炎症反応症候群（SIRS）および敗血症：定義、疫学、臨床症状、および診断 systemic inflammatory response syndrome sirs and sepsis in children definitions epidemiology clinical manifestations and diagnosis

English Journal

Revisiting Psychoacoustic Methods for the Assessment of Fish Hearing.

Bhandiwad AA1, Sisneros JA2,3.
Advances in experimental medicine and biology.Adv Exp Med Biol.2016;877:157-84. doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-21059-9_8.
Behavioral methods have been critical in the study of auditory perception and discrimination in fishes. In this chapter, we review some of the common methods used in fish psychoacoustics. We discuss associative methods, such as operant, avoidance, and classical conditioning, and their use in constru
PMID 26515314

Individual difference in prepulse inhibition does not predict spatial learning and memory performance in C57BL/6 mice.

Peleg-Raibstein D1,2, Philipp S1,3, Feldon J1, Yee BK4,5.
Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience.Cogn Affect Behav Neurosci.2015 Dec;15(4):878-88. doi: 10.3758/s13415-015-0356-5.
The startle reflex to an intense acoustic pulse stimulus is attenuated if the pulse stimulus is shortly preceded by a weak non-startling prepulse stimulus. This attenuation of the startle reflex represents a form of pre-attentional sensory gating known as prepulse inhibition (PPI). Although PPI does
PMID 25893564

Association Study of CHRNA7 Promoter Variants with Sensory and Sensorimotor Gating in Schizophrenia Patients and Healthy Controls: A Danish Case-Control Study.

Bertelsen B1, Oranje B2, Melchior L1, Fagerlund B2, Werge TM3,4,5, Mikkelsen JD6, Tümer Z7, Glenthøj BY2.
Neuromolecular medicine.Neuromolecular Med.2015 Dec;17(4):423-30. doi: 10.1007/s12017-015-8371-9. Epub 2015 Sep 16.
Schizophrenia is a severe psychiatric disorder with a core component of impaired cognitive function still remaining as one of the greatest challenges in the pharmacological treatment of the disorder. The CHRNA7 gene, encoding the subunit of the human α7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (α7nAChR),
PMID 26376812

Japanese Journal

Irreversible damage to auditory system functions caused by perinatal hypothyroidism in rats

Wada Hiromi,Yumoto Shoko,Iso Hiroyuki
Neurotoxicology and Teratology 37, 18-22, 2013
… Rats from methimazole-treated mothers were tested at ages 1, 6, and 12 months using techniques to examine prepulse inhibition and startle response. … The startle stimulus consisted of 40 ms of white noise at 115 dB, whereas the prepulse, which preceded the startle stimulus by 30 ms, consisted of 20 ms of white noise at 75, 85, or 95 dB. …
NAID 120005295670

VARIATION IN THE RESPONSE TIME FOR THE STARTLE REACTION OF ANURAN TADPOLES(Behavior Biology and Ecology)Proceedings of the Seventy-First Annual Meeting of the Zoological Society of Japan

Yamashita M.,Kayamori H.,Kagami Y.,Naitoh T.,Wassersug R. J.
Zoological science 17(Supplement), 54, 2000-12-15
NAID 110003371511

Reflex Myoclonic Epilepsy in Infancy : A New Age-Dependent Idiopathic Epileptic Syndrome Related to Startle Reaction

RICCI Stefano,CUSMAI Raffaella,FUSCO Lucia,VIGEVANO Federico
Epilepsia : journal of the International League against Epilepsy 36(4), 342-348, 1995-04-01
NAID 10009170223