WordNet

the skeleton of the human foot between the toes and the tarsus; the corresponding part of the foot in birds or of the hind foot in quadrupeds
a compound formed by an addition reaction
draw a limb towards the body; "adduct the thigh muscle"

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中足(人間の足の,足首からつま先までの部分で5本の骨から成る部分;四つ足動物の後足,鳥の足の同じ部分)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/08 13:57:21」(JST)

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Pigeon toe (also known as metatarsus varus, metatarsus adductus, in-toe gait, intoeing or false clubfoot) is a condition which causes the toes to point inward when walking. It is most common in infants and children under two years of age^[1] and, when not the result of simple muscle weakness,^[2] normally arises from underlying conditions, such as a twisted shin bone or an excessive anteversion (femoral head is more than 15° from the angle of torsion) resulting in the twisting of the thigh bone when the front part of a person's foot is turned in.

Severe cases are considered a form of clubfoot.^[3]

Causes

The cause of in-toeing can be differentiated based on the location of the disalignment. The variants are:^[4]^[5]

Curved foot (metatarsus adductus)
Twisted shin (tibial torsion)
Twisted thighbone (femoral anteversion)

Metatarsus Adductus

The most common form of being pigeon toed, when the feet bend inward from the middle part of the foot to the toes.

Tibial Torsion

The tibia or lower leg slightly or severely twists inward when walking.

Femoral Anteversion

The femur or thigh bone turns inward when walking.

Treatment

Most of these conditions are self-correcting during childhood. In the worst cases surgery may be needed.^[1] Most of the time this involves lengthening the Achilles tendon. Less severe treatment options for pigeon toe include keeping a child from crossing his or her legs, use of corrective shoes and casting of the foot and lower legs, which is normally done before the child reaches 12 months of age or older.

If the pigeon toe is mild and close to the center, treatment may not be necessary. Ballet has been used as a treatment for mild cases. Dance exercises can help to bend the legs outward.

References

^ ^a ^b "Pigeon toe (in-toeing)". University of Iowa Hospitals and Clinics. 2005. Retrieved 2008-11-27.
^ Glenn Copeland, Stan Solomon and Mark Myerson (2005). The Good Foot Book. New York: Hunter House. pp. 96–97. ISBN 0-89793-448-2.
^ "pigeon toe" at Dorland's Medical Dictionary
^ "Intoeing". American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. Retrieved 6 July 2013. Reviewed by members of the Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America
^ Clifford R. Wheeless III (ed.). "Internal Tibial Torsion". Wheeless' Textbook of Orthopaedics. Retrieved 6 July 2013.

External links

UK information from Oxford Hospitals NHS Trust
Metatarsus Adductus on POSNA—The Pediatric Orthopaedic Society of North America

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UpToDate Contents

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1. 新生児における出産時の損傷 lower extremity positional deformations
2. 内旋歩行の小児に対するアプローチ approach to the child with in toeing
3. 先天性筋性斜頚：臨床的特徴および診断 congenital muscular torticollis clinical features and diagnosis
4. 先天性股関節脱臼：臨床的特徴および診断 developmental dysplasia of the hip clinical features and diagnosis
5. 成人における足の痛みの評価と一般的な原因の診断 evaluation and diagnosis of common causes of foot pain in adults

English Journal

Inflammatory and Noninflammatory Arthropathy in Patients With 18q Deletion Syndrome: A Case Report and Review of Literature.

Safi KH, Fathalla BM.SourceFrom the *Pediatric Residency Program, Department of Pediatrics, and †Division of Pediatric Rheumatology, Children's Hospital of Michigan; and ‡Wayne State University School of Medicine, Detroit, MI.
Journal of clinical rheumatology : practical reports on rheumatic & musculoskeletal diseases.J Clin Rheumatol.2011 Dec 12. [Epub ahead of print]
ABSTRACT: A 7-year-old girl with 18q deletion syndrome developed chronic progressive polyarticular inflammatory arthropathy. Atypical features of her arthritis included lack of morning stiffness, absence of pain and discomfort, normal acute-phase reactants, and the presence of clinodactyly, low-set
PMID 22157270

The os supranaviculare and navicular stress fractures.

Ingalls J, Wissman R.SourceDepartment of Radiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, 234 Goodman Street, Cincinnati, OH 45219, USA. Jerrell.Ingalls2@uchealth.com
Skeletal radiology.Skeletal Radiol.2011 Jul;40(7):937-41. Epub 2011 Apr 13.
Tarsal navicular stress fractures are injuries more commonly observed in athletes involved in sprinting and jumping sports. Known risk factors for the development of navicular stress fractures include pes cavus, metatarsus adductus, limited subtalar or ankle motion, medial narrowing of the talonavic
PMID 21484322

Japanese Journal

先天性内転足10例の治療経験

上地富,朝長明敏,竹島昌栄,本田晃大,高野盛登
関東整形災害外科学会雑誌 40(6), 405-408, 2009-12-01
NAID 10026205850

先天性内転足の保存治療成績

町田治郎,中村直行,芦川良介,田丸智彦,鈴木毅彦,奥住成晴
日本小児整形外科学会雑誌 = Journal of Japanese Paediatric Orthopaedic Association 16(1), 30-34, 2007-03-01
NAID 10029266561

THE CLINICAL MANAGEMENT OF MUSCULAR DYSTROPHY AND ASSOCIATED NEUROMUSCULAR DISEASES

Siegel Irwin M.
リハビリテーション医学 22(1), 3-3, 1985
… Conditions requiring surgical correction are lower extremity flexion contracture, metatarsus adductus, rigid forefoot equinovarus and calcaneocavus. …
NAID 130003662318