WordNet

unconstrained or not chemically bound in a molecule or not fixed and capable of relatively unrestricted motion; "free expansion"; "free oxygen"; "a free electron"
people who are free; "the home of the free and the brave" (同)free people
free from obligations or duties (同)discharge
free or remove obstruction from; "free a path across the cluttered floor" (同)disengage
grant freedom to; free from confinement (同)liberate, release, unloose, unloosen, loose
not literal; "a loose interpretation of what she had been told"; "a free translation of the poem" (同)loose, liberal
make (information) available for publication; "release the list with the names of the prisoners" (同)release
able to act at will; not hampered; not under compulsion or restraint; "free enterprise"; "a free port"; "a free country"; "I have an hour free"; "free will"; "free of racism"; "feel free to stay as long as you wish"; "a free choice"
not held in servitude; "after the Civil War he was a free man"
not occupied or in use; "a free locker"; "a free lane"
a light silver-white ductile bivalent metallic element; in pure form it burns with brilliant white flame; occurs naturally only in combination (as in magnesite and dolomite and carnallite and spinel and olivine) (同)Mg, atomic number 12

PrepTutorEJDIC

(束縛された状態になく)『自由な』,自由の身の / (国家・国民などが)『独立している』 / (思想・行為などが)強制されない,自発的な / (動作が)拘束されない,無理のない / 《補語にのみ用いて》(苦痛・制約などを)『免れている』,(誤り・偏見などの)ない《+『from』(『of』)+『名』》 / 《補語にのみ用いて》《『be free to』do》『自由に』…『できる』 / (仕事から)解放された,暇になった;(部屋などが)使用されていない,空いた / 『無料の』;無税の / 出し惜しみしない / 遠慮のない,慎みがない / (道路などが)障害のない,自由に通れる / 固定していない,離れた / 無料で / 自由に,妨げられずに(freely) / (…から)〈人・国など〉‘を'『自由にする』,解放する《+『名』+『from』+『名』》 / (困難などから)〈人〉‘を'救う《+『名』+『form』+『名』》 / (障害などを)〈人・物〉‘から'取り除く《+『名』+『of』(『from』)+『名』》 / (物を)…‘から'片付ける,外す《+『名』+『of』+『名』》
マグネシウム(金属元素;化学記号は『Mg』)

UpToDate Contents

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1. マグネシウムバランスの調節 regulation of magnesium balance
2. マグネシウム欠乏の臨床症状 clinical manifestations of magnesium depletion
3. 低マグネシウム血症の評価および治療 evaluation and treatment of hypomagnesemia
4. 心血管疾患における低マグネシウム血症の意義 significance of hypomagnesemia in cardiovascular disease
5. 低マグネシウム血症の原因 causes of hypomagnesemia

English Journal

Electrical impedance of mouse brain cortex in vitro from 4.7 kHz to 2.0 MHz.

Wilson MT, Elbohouty M, Voss LJ, Steyn-Ross DA.Author information School of Engineering, University of Waikato, Private Bag 3105, Hamilton 3240, New Zealand.AbstractThe electrical impedance of samples of mouse brain cortex has been measured between 4.7 kHz and 2.0 MHz. Brain slices of thickness 400 μm were prepared from two mice. Each slice was placed in either normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid or magnesium-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid; the latter induces seizure-like electrical behaviour. A total of 74 samples of cortex of approximate size 2 mm × 2 mm were then cut from these slices. Each sample in turn was placed between two flat Ag/AgCl electrodes and electrical impedance measured with an Agilent E4980A four-point impedance monitor. The measurements showed two regions of significant dispersion. Circuits based on the Cole-Cole and Fricke models, consisting of inductive, nonlinear capacitive and resistive elements were used to model the behaviour. Distributions of values for each circuit element have been determined for the samples prepared in seizing and non-seizing conditions. Few differences were found between the values of circuit elements between the seizing and non-seizing groups.
Physiological measurement.Physiol Meas.2014 Feb;35(2):267-81. doi: 10.1088/0967-3334/35/2/267. Epub 2014 Jan 16.
The electrical impedance of samples of mouse brain cortex has been measured between 4.7 kHz and 2.0 MHz. Brain slices of thickness 400 μm were prepared from two mice. Each slice was placed in either normal artificial cerebrospinal fluid or magnesium-free artificial cerebrospinal fluid; the latter
PMID 24434894

Nitric oxide regulates AKT phosphorylation and nuclear translocation in cultured retinal cells.

Mejía-García TA, Portugal CC, Encarnação TG, Prado MA, Paes-de-Carvalho R.Author information Program of Neurosciences and Department of Neurobiology, Institute of Biology, Fluminense Federal University, Niterói, RJ, Brazil. Electronic address: tmejiagarcia@hotmail.com.AbstractPrevious studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits apoptosis of retinal neurons in culture through the canonical cyclic GMP/protein kinase G (PKG)-dependent pathway, but also involving multiple kinase pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI3k) and AKT. NO and AKT exhibit survival-promoting properties and display important roles in both CNS development and plasticity. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of exogenous NO, derived from the NO donor S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamin (SNAP), or endogenous NO, produced from l-arginine, on AKT phosphorylation in cultured chick retinal neurons. Our results demonstrate that SNAP or l-arginine enhances AKT phosphorylation on both serine-473 and threonine-308 residues in a concentration and time-dependent manner. This effect was mediated by the activation of soluble guanylyl cyclase and PKG, since it was blocked by the respective enzyme inhibitors ODQ or LY83583 and KT5823, as well as by transduction with shRNA lentiviruses coding PKGII shRNA, and mimicked by the respective enzyme activators YC-1 and 8-Bromo cyclic GMP, and also by the cyclic GMP phosphodiesterase inhibitor zaprinast. In addition, LY294002 or wortmannin suppressed the SNAP effect, indicating the involvement of phosphoinositide 3' kinase. Moreover, the mTOR inhibitor KU0063794 blocked SNAP-induced AKT phosphorylation at both residues, suggesting the participation of the mTORC2 complex in the process. Glutamate and NMDA also promoted AKT phosphorylation and a nitric oxide synthase inhibitor abrogated these effects, revealing a mechanism involving the activation of NMDA receptors and NO production. We have also found that SNAP and l-arginine induced AKT translocation into the nucleus of retinal neurons as well as other neuronal cell lines. SNAP also protects retinal cells from death induced by hydrogen peroxide and this effect was blocked by the phosphoinositide 3' kinase inhibitor LY294002. We therefore conclude that NO produced from endogenous or exogenous sources promotes AKT activation and its shuttling to the nucleus, probably participating in neuronal survival pathways important during CNS development.
Cellular signalling.Cell Signal.2013 Dec;25(12):2424-39. doi: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.001. Epub 2013 Aug 17.
Previous studies have shown that nitric oxide (NO) inhibits apoptosis of retinal neurons in culture through the canonical cyclic GMP/protein kinase G (PKG)-dependent pathway, but also involving multiple kinase pathways, such as phosphatidylinositol 3' kinase (PI3k) and AKT. NO and AKT exhibit surviv
PMID 23958999

Role of NMDA receptors in the trigeminal pathway, and the modulatory effect of magnesium in a model of rat temporomandibular joint arthritis.

Cavalcante AL, Siqueira RM, Araujo JC, Gondim DV, Ribeiro RA, Quetz JS, Havt A, Lima AA, Vale ML.Author information Medical Sciences Post-Graduation Program, Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Ceará, Fortaleza, Brazil.AbstractTemporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthritis is a common cause of orofacial pain. In the present study, the modulatory effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDA-Rs) and magnesium were investigated in TMJ arthritis hypernociception. Male Wistar rats received an intra-articular injection of carrageenan (Cg) in the TMJ, and mechanical hypernociception was measured. The NMDA-R antagonist, MK-801, and magnesium chloride (MgCl₂ ) were administered before arthritis induction. Magnesium deficiency was promoted by feeding rats a synthetic magnesium-free diet for 9 d before injection of Cg. The Cg induced mechanical hypernociception that lasted for 120 h. MK-801 inhibited this hypernociceptive state. MgCl₂ pretreatment prevented Cg-induced hypernociception and altered the nociceptive threshold in the absence of Cg. Magnesium deficiency increased hypernociception and induced spontaneous hypernociceptive behavior. TMJ arthritis increased the expression of mRNA for all NMDA-R subunits and immunostaining of phosphorylated NR1 (phospho-NR1). MgCl₂ inhibited expression of NR2B mRNA and phospho-NR1 immunostaining and increased expression of NR3 mRNA. Magnesium deficiency increased expression of both NR1 and NR3 mRNAs and phospho-NR1 immunostaining in the trigeminal subnucleus caudalis. We found that magnesium modulates nociceptive behavior and induces NMDA-R subunit rearrangement in the subnucleus caudalis. The present results may lead to a better understanding of central processing in the nociceptive trigeminal pathway and the development of new approaches to treat orofacial pain with a TMJ origin.
European journal of oral sciences.Eur J Oral Sci.2013 Dec;121(6):573-83. doi: 10.1111/eos.12093.
Temporomandibular joint (TMJ) arthritis is a common cause of orofacial pain. In the present study, the modulatory effects of N-methyl-d-aspartate receptors (NMDA-Rs) and magnesium were investigated in TMJ arthritis hypernociception. Male Wistar rats received an intra-articular injection of carrageen
PMID 24206074

Japanese Journal

ラット脳の線条体において,ペントバルビタールは一酸化窒素の放出を減少させるが,ケタミンはコリン作動性神経制御と無関係に一酸化窒素の放出を増大させる

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Experimental animals 61(2), 165-170, 2012-04-01
… Calcium and magnesium concentrations were modified for each anesthetic to influence ACh release. … Magnesium-free perfusion had no effect on baseline NOx concentrations, whereas perfusion at a low magnesium concentration antagonized the PB-induced NOx reduction. … Mecamylamine and calcium-free perfusion had no effect on baseline NOx concentrations and Ket-induced NOx increases. …
NAID 10030555974

数の子の塩抜き過程における味成分の挙動

春日敦子,荻原英子,青柳康夫
日本調理科学会誌 40(5), 329-336, 2007-10-20
低濃度の食塩水を用いた脱塩は"呼び塩"と言われ,多くの料理本では数の子の塩抜きに塩を用いることを薦めている。塩漬け数の子の脱塩中に,拡散による味成分の溶出のみが数の子の味に影響する要因であるのか,またどのような味成分が影響を及ぼされるかを明らかにするために,数の子を水と食塩水を用いて脱塩し,ナトリウム,カリウム,マグネシウム,遊離アミノ酸,5'-ヌクレオチドの分析を行った。ナトリウム,マグネシウム …
NAID 110006419298

数の子の塩抜き過程における味成分の挙動

春日敦子,荻原英子,青柳康夫
日本調理科学会誌 40(5), 329-336, 2007
低濃度の食塩水を用いた脱塩は"呼び塩"と言われ,多くの料理本では数の子の塩抜きに塩を用いることを薦めている。塩漬け数の子の脱塩中に,拡散による味成分の溶出のみが数の子の味に影響する要因であるのか,またどのような味成分が影響を及ぼされるかを明らかにするために,数の子を水と食塩水を用いて脱塩し,ナトリウム,カリウム,マグネシウム,遊離アミノ酸,5'-ヌクレオチドの分析を行った。ナトリウム,マグネシウム …
NAID 130004401323