WordNet

of a color at the end of the color spectrum (next to orange); resembling the color of blood or cherries or tomatoes or rubies (同)reddish, ruddy, blood-red, carmine, cerise, cherry, cherry-red, crimson, ruby, ruby-red, scarlet
red color or pigment; the chromatic color resembling the hue of blood (同)redness
of or characteristic of low rank or importance
one of lesser rank or station or quality
having an orbit between the sun and the Earths orbit; "Mercury and Venus are inferior planets"
lower than a given reference point; "inferior alveolar artery"
of low or inferior quality
a part of the cell containing DNA and RNA and responsible for growth and reproduction (同)cell_nucleus, karyon
(astronomy) the center of the head of a comet; consists of small solid particles of ice and frozen gas that vaporizes on approaching the sun to form the coma and tail
any histologically identifiable mass of neural cell bodies in the brain or spinal cord
the positively charged dense center of an atom
a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
a complex of concurrent things; "every word has a syndrome of meanings"
the syllable naming the second (supertonic) note of any major scale in solmization (同)ray

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈U〉〈C〉『赤,』『赤色;』赤い絵の具(染料) / 〈U〉赤い服 / 〈C〉《しばしば『R-』》《話》《時に軽べつして》アカ,共産主義者;過激論(主義)者 / 〈U〉《通例the ~》(会計の)赤字,負債 / 『赤い』,赤色の / (顔・目などが)赤くなった;血に染った / 赤い服を着た;赤毛の / 《しばしば『R-』》《話》《軽べつして》共産主義の;過激な
(階級・親分・質・程度などが)『下の』,『劣る』, / (位置が)低い,下方の / 目下の者;劣った人
中心,核 / (生物の)細胞核 / 原子核
(疾患の徴候となる一群の)症徴候,症候群 / (事件・社会的状態などのパターンを示す)徴候形態
レ(全音階の第2音)

UpToDate Contents

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1. 後方循環系の脳血管症候群 posterior circulation cerebrovascular syndromes
2. 静脈血栓症の原因の概要 overview of the causes of venous thrombosis
3. 赤血球細胞の力学 red blood cell mechanics
4. 貧血を有する成人患者に対するアプローチ approach to the adult patient with anemia
5. 小児における赤血球産生低下による貧血 anemia in children due to decreased red blood cell production

English Journal

Regional cerebral blood flow alterations in obstructive sleep apnea.

Yadav SK, Kumar R, Macey PM, Richardson HL, Wang DJ, Woo MA, Harper RM.Author information Department of Neurobiology, University of California at Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.AbstractObstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition characterized by upper airway muscle atonia with continued diaphragmatic efforts, resulting in repeated airway obstructions, periods of intermittent hypoxia, large thoracic pressure changes, and substantial shifts in arterial pressure with breathing cessation and resumption. The hypoxic exposure and hemodynamic changes likely induce the structural and functional deficits found in multiple brain areas, as shown by magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) procedures. Altered cerebral blood flow (CBF) may contribute to these localized deficits; thus, we examined regional CBF, using arterial spin labeling procedures, in 11 OSA (age, 49.1±12.2 years; 7 male) and 16 control subjects (42.3±10.2 years; 6 male) with a 3.0-Tesla MRI scanner. CBF maps were calculated, normalized to a common space, and regional CBF values across the brain quantified. Lowered CBF values emerged near multiple bilateral brain sites in OSA, including the corticospinal tracts, superior cerebellar peduncles, and pontocerebellar fibers. Lateralized, decreased CBF appeared near the left inferior cerebellar peduncles, left tapetum, left dorsal fornix/stria terminalis, right medial lemniscus, right red nucleus, right midbrain, and midline pons. Regional CBF values in OSA are significantly reduced in major sensory and motor fiber systems and motor regulatory sites, especially in structures mediating motor coordination; those reductions are often lateralized. The asymmetric CBF declines in motor regulatory areas may contribute to loss of coordination between upper airway and diaphragmatic musculature, and lead to further damage in the syndrome.
Neuroscience letters.Neurosci Lett.2013 Oct 25;555:159-64. doi: 10.1016/j.neulet.2013.09.033. Epub 2013 Sep 26.
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a condition characterized by upper airway muscle atonia with continued diaphragmatic efforts, resulting in repeated airway obstructions, periods of intermittent hypoxia, large thoracic pressure changes, and substantial shifts in arterial pressure with breathing cessa
PMID 24076138

Association between restless legs syndrome and Chiari type 1 malformation.

Kaplan Y, Oksuz E.Author information Department of Neurology, Gaziosmanpasa University, Faculty of Medicine, Tokat, Turkey. yukselkablan@yahoo.comAbstractChiari type 1 malformations (CM-1) consist of the downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils out of the inferior opening of the skull and into the spinal canal. In relation to this, a few studies in the literature have drawn attention to the possible role of the upper brainstem, diencephalon, red nucleus, and cerebellum in the pathogenesis of restless legs syndrome (RLS). Herein, we present five cases of RLS who were also found to have CM-1 malformations. The cases were notable for an early onset of RLS and a poor response to dopaminergic treatment. The patients fulfilled the diagnostic criteria for RLS according to the International RLS Study Group. None of the patients had a family history of RLS or any other condition known to be associated to RLS. The patients ranged in age from 20 to 31 years old. Four of the patients indicated occasional pain in the occipital-suboccipital area upon questioning about CM-1-related symptoms. All cases had used at least two different drugs known to be effective in RLS treatment. Our opinion is that CM-1-related involvement of the cerebellum and/or connections of the cerebellum with the basal ganglia may have contributed to the development of RLS in these cases.
Clinical neurology and neurosurgery.Clin Neurol Neurosurg.2008 Apr;110(4):408-10. doi: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2007.12.023. Epub 2008 Feb 20.
Chiari type 1 malformations (CM-1) consist of the downward displacement of the cerebellar tonsils out of the inferior opening of the skull and into the spinal canal. In relation to this, a few studies in the literature have drawn attention to the possible role of the upper brainstem, diencephalon, r
PMID 18281149

Brain stem lesions in sporadic Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease: a histopathological and immunohistochemical study.

Shintaku M, Yutani C, Doh-ura K.Author information Department of Pathology, Osaka Red Cross Hospital, Tennoji, Osaka, Japan. masa-s@sings.jpAbstractLesions of the brain stem in sporadic CJD were histopathologically and immunohistochemically investigated using an anti-PrP antibody on ten consecutive autopsy cases. Three major histopathological changes, spongiform changes, neuronal loss and hypertrophic astrocytosis, were employed as parameters of the alterations. The quadrigeminal plate and pontine nuclei were the most severely and consistently affected structures, and immunoreactivity against PrP was seen in these structures. There existed some discrepancies between the severity of the lesions and the intensity of the immunoreactivity against PrP. The medulla oblongata essentially remained normal on histopathological examination, but the inferior olivary nucleus showed prominent PrP deposition. Although the general view that pathological alterations in the brain stem are relatively mild in sporadic CJD was confirmed in this study, lesions of variable degrees which might influence a patient's clinical course were still observed in many structures in the brain stem.
Neuropathology : official journal of the Japanese Society of Neuropathology.Neuropathology.2006 Feb;26(1):43-9.
Lesions of the brain stem in sporadic CJD were histopathologically and immunohistochemically investigated using an anti-PrP antibody on ten consecutive autopsy cases. Three major histopathological changes, spongiform changes, neuronal loss and hypertrophic astrocytosis, were employed as parameters o
PMID 16521478