genetic epidemiology

• 遺伝疫学

WordNet

1. pertaining to or referring to origin; "genetic history reconstructs the origins of a literary work"
2. of or relating to the science of genetics; "genetic research" (同)genetical
3. the branch of medical science dealing with the transmission and control of disease
4. the branch of biology that studies heredity and variation in organisms (同)genetic science
5. agile Old World viverrine having a spotted coat and long ringed tail (同)Genetta genetta

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1. 遺伝学

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2017/10/25 16:51:11」(JST)

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Genetic epidemiology is the study of the role of genetic factors in determining health and disease in families and in populations, and the interplay of such genetic factors with environmental factors. Genetic epidemiology seeks to derive a statistical and quantitative analysis of how genetics work in large groups.

Definition

The use of the term Genetic epidemiology emerged in the mid 1980s as a new scientific field.

In formal language, genetic epidemiology was defined by Newton Morton, one of the pioneers of the field, as "a science which deals with the etiology, distribution, and control of disease in groups of relatives and with inherited causes of disease in populations". It is closely allied to both molecular epidemiology and statistical genetics, but these overlapping fields each have distinct emphases, societies and journals.

One definition of the field closely follows that of behavior genetics, defining genetic epidemiology as "the scientific discipline that deals with the analysis of the familial distribution of traits, with a view to understanding any possible genetic basis", and that "seeks to understand both the genetic and environmental factors and how they interact to produce various diseases and traits in humans". The BMJ adopts a similar definition, "Genetic epidemiology is the study of the aetiology, distribution, and control of disease in groups of relatives and of inherited causes of disease in populations."

History

As early as the 4th century BC, Hippocrates suggested in his essay “On Airs, Waters, and Places” that factors such as behavior and environment may play a role in disease. Epidemiology entered a more systematic phase with the work of John Graunt, who in 1662 tried to quantify mortality in London using a statistical approach, tabulating various factors he thought played a role in mortality rates. John Snow is considered to be the father of epidemiology, and was the first to use statistics to discover and target the cause of disease, specifically of cholera outbreaks in 1854 in London. He investigated the cases of cholera and plotted them onto a map identifying the most likely cause of cholera, which was shown to be contaminated water wells.

Modern History

Modern genetics began on the foundation of Gregor Mendels work. Once this became widely known, it spurred a revolution in studies of hereditary throughout the animal kingdom; with studies showing genetic transmission and control over characteristics and traits. As gene variation was shown to affect disease, work began on quantifying factors affecting disease, accelerating in the 20th century. The period since the second world war saw the greatest advancement of the field, with scientists such as Newton Morton helping form the field of genetic epidemiology as it is known today, with the application of modern genetics to the statistical study of disease, as well as the establishment of large-scale epidemiological studies such as the Framingham Heart Study.

In the 1960s and 1970s, epidemiology played a part in strategies for the worldwide eradication of naturally occurring smallpox.

Fundamentals

Traditionally, the study of the role of genetics in disease progresses through the following study designs, each answering a slightly different question:

• Familial aggregation studies: Is there a genetic component to the disease, and what are the relative contributions of genes and environment?
• Segregation studies: What is the pattern of inheritance of the disease (e.g. dominant or recessive)?
• Linkage studies: On which part of which chromosome is the disease gene located?
• Association studies: Which allele of which gene is associated with the disease?

This traditional approach has proved highly successful in identifying monogenic disorders and locating the genes responsible.

More recently, the scope of genetic epidemiology has expanded to include common diseases for which many genes each make a smaller contribution (polygenic, multifactorial or multigenic disorders). This has developed rapidly in the first decade of the 21st century following completion of the Human Genome Project, as advances in genotyping technology and associated reductions in cost has made it feasible to conduct large-scale genome-wide association studies that genotype many thousands of single nucleotide polymorphisms in thousands of individuals. These have led to the discovery of many genetic polymorphisms that influence the risk of developing many common diseases.

Approaches

Genetic epidemiological research follows 3 discreet steps, as outlined by M.Tevfik Dorak:

1. Establishing that there is a genetic component to the disorder.
2. Establishing the relative size of that genetic effect in relation to other sources of variation in disease risk (environmental effects such as intrauterine environment, physical and chemical effects as well as behavioral and social aspects).
3. Identifying the gene(s) responsible for the genetic component.

These research methodologies can be assessed through either family or population studies.

See also

• Epigenetics
• Genetic disorder
• Mendelian randomization
• Molecular epidemiology
• Mutation
• Population genetics
• Hardy–Weinberg principle
• Population groups in biomedicine

Further reading

• Khoury, M.J.; Beaty, T.H.; Cohen, B.H. (1993). Fundamentals of genetic epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-505288-9. 
• Morton, Newton E; Chung, Chin Sik, eds. (1978). Genetic Epidemiology. New York: Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-508050-6. 
• Morton, N.E (1997). "Genetic Epidemiology" (PDF). Annals of Human Genetics. 61 (1): 1–13. doi:10.1017/S0003480096005891. Retrieved 15 June 2010. 
• Khoury, Muin J.; Little, Julian; Burke, Wylie, eds. (2003). Human Genome Epidemiology: A scientific foundation for using genetic information to improve health and prevent disease. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-514674-5. 
• Spence, M. A. (2005). "Genetic Epidemiology". Encyclopedia of Biostatistics. Wiley Interscience. doi:10.1002/0470011815.b2a05034. 
• Thomas, D.C. (2004). Statistical Methods in Genetic Epidemiology. Oxford University Press. ISBN 0-19-515939-X. 

• Teare, M.D. (2011). Genetic Epidemiology. Springer. ISBN 978-1-60327-415-9. 

External links

• Genetic Epidemiology (journal)
• International Genetic Epidemiology Society

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Related Links

• Genetic Epidemiology - Wiley Online Library

Cover image for Vol. 36 Issue 5. Edited By: Sanjay Shete. Impact Factor: 3.441. ISI Journal Citation Reports © Ranking: 2011: 17/157 (Public Environmental & Occupational Health); 49/157 (Genetics & Heredity). Online ISSN: 1098-2272 ...

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★リンクテーブル★

関連記事	「genetic」「epidemiology」「genet」

「genetic」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 遺伝的な、遺伝学的な、遺伝子の、ジェネティックな

関

gene、genetically、heritable、heritably

　 　

「epidemiology」

　　[★]

epi (～の上に) + demi (民衆) + o + logy (学問)

• n.

• 疫学

民衆の上に何がおきているかを明らかにする学問

　

「genet」

　　[★]

• n.

• ジェネット、栄養繁殖集合体

関

Viverridae