WordNet

an appreciable consequence (especially a lessening); "it made a dent in my bank account"
an impression in a surface (as made by a blow) (同)ding, gouge, nick
of or relating to the teeth; "dental floss"
of or relating to dentistry; "dental student"
thin protective membrane in some protozoa

PrepTutorEJDIC

くぼみ,へこみ / …‘を'くぼませる,へこませる / へこむ,くぼむ
(くし・歯車などの)歯
歯の,歯科医の / (音声が)歯音の / 歯音(など)

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/10 13:31:27」(JST)

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Dental pellicle is a protein film that forms on the surface enamel by selective binding of glycoproteins from saliva that prevents continuous deposition of salivary calcium phosphate. It forms in seconds after a tooth is cleaned or after chewing. It protects the tooth from the acids produced by oral microorganisms after consuming carbohydrates.

Pellicle and plaque formation

Plaque formation

Plaque is a biofilm composed of several different kinds of bacteria and their products that develop over the enamel on a layer known as pellicle. The process of plaque formation takes several days to weeks and will cause the surrounding environment to become acidic if not removed.^[1] The surface of enamel attracts salivary glycoproteins and bacterial products creating the pellicle layer. This thin layer forms on the surface of the enamel within minutes of its exposure. These glycoproteins include proline rich proteins that allow bacterial adhesion.^[2]

Colonizers

The first bacteria to attach to these pellicle glycoproteins are gram positive aerobic cocci such as Streptococcus sanguinis.^[2] These bacteria are able to replicate in the oxygen rich environment of the oral cavity and form micro-colonies within minutes after attachment. Other bacteria including Streptococcus mutans are able to grow in these colonies. Streptococcus mutans is important because it is associated with dental caries.^[3] These bacteria produce an enzyme known as glucosyltransferase. Glucosyl transferase converts sucrose into exopolysaccharides. These exopolysacharides create a sticky environment that allows other bacteria to attach to the initial colonies and protect them from acidic environments. As the plaque begins to develop and expand, oxygen can no longer diffuse into the colonies.

After a few days anaerobic gram negative cocci, rods, and filaments begin to colonize the plaque.^[4] After several weeks the cocci, rods, and filaments grow together forming colonies known as corncobs. This anaerobic environment causes facultative anaerobes such as S. mutans and Lactobacilli to break down sucrose through fermentation pathways. These bacteria produce lactic acid as a metabolic byproduct.^[5] If the concentration of lactic acid becomes high enough it can cause the pH around the plaque to drop below 5.5 and demineralization will occur.^[3]

References

^ Samaranayake, Lakshman. Essential Microbiology for Dentistry, 3rd Edition. Churchill Livingstone, 092006.
^ ^a ^b Newman, Michael G. Carranza's Clinical Periodontology, 10th Edition. Saunders Book Company, 072006. 9.4.2.
^ ^a ^b Roberson, Theodore. Sturdevant's Art and Science of Operative Dentistry, 5th Edition. C.V. Mosby, 042006. 3.2.2.
^ Harris, Norman O. Primary Preventive Dentistry, 6th Edition. Prentice Hall, 082003. 2.4).
^ Miller, Chris H. Infection Control and Management of Hazardous Materials for the Dental Team, 3rd Edition. Mosby, 092004. 2.3.3.3).

UpToDate Contents

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1. 歯性感染症の疫学、病因、および臨床症状 epidemiology pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of odontogenic infections
2. 小児における歯の損傷の評価およびマネージメント evaluation and management of dental injuries in children
3. 乳幼児に対する予防的デンタルケアおよびカウンセリング preventive dental care and counseling for infants and young children
4. 歯の解剖学的構造および発達 anatomy and development of the teeth
5. 成人における単一恐怖の治療における内科的治療および歯科治療 treatment for specific phobias of medical and dental procedures in adults

English Journal

Proteins, Pathogens, and Failure at the Composite-Tooth Interface.

Spencer P1, Ye Q2, Misra A3, Goncalves SE4, Laurence JS5.
Journal of dental research.J Dent Res.2014 Sep 4. pii: 0022034514550039. [Epub ahead of print]
In the United States, composites accounted for nearly 70% of the 173.2 million composite and amalgam restorations placed in 2006 (Kingman et al., 2012), and it is likely that the use of composite will continue to increase as dentists phase out dental amalgam. This trend is not, however, without cons
PMID 25190266

Multimodality imaging of the effects of a novel dentifrice on oral biofilm.

Ajdaharian J1, Dadkhah M, Sabokpey S, Biren-Fetz J, Chung NE, Wink C, Wilder-Smith P.
Lasers in surgery and medicine.Lasers Surg Med.2014 Sep;46(7):546-52. doi: 10.1002/lsm.22265. Epub 2014 Jun 10.
OBJECTIVE: Oral biofilm formation and progression on the surface of the tooth can lead to advanced oral disease such as gingivitis. The purpose of this randomized, controlled, double-blinded study was to evaluate the effects of a novel dental gel on oral plaque biofilm using multimodal imaging techn
PMID 24916419

Axenic Culture of a Candidate Division TM7 Bacterium from the Human Oral Cavity and Biofilm Interactions with Other Oral Bacteria.

Soro V1, Dutton LC1, Sprague SV1, Nobbs AH1, Ireland AJ1, Sandy JR1, Jepson MA2, Micaroni M3, Splatt PR3, Dymock D1, Jenkinson HF4.
Applied and environmental microbiology.Appl Environ Microbiol.2014 Aug 8. pii: AEM.01827-14. [Epub ahead of print]
The diversity of bacterial species in the human oral cavity is well recognized but a high proportion of them are presently uncultivable. Candidate division TM7 bacteria are almost always detected in metagenomic studies but have not yet been cultivated. In this paper we identified candidate division
PMID 25107981