WordNet

(mechanics) the equal and opposite force that is produced when any force is applied to a body; "every action has an equal and opposite reaction"
a response that reveals a persons feelings or attitude; "he was pleased by the audiences reaction to his performance"; "John feared his mothers reaction when she saw the broken lamp"
a bodily process occurring due to the effect of some antecedent stimulus or agent; "a bad reaction to the medicine"; "his responses have slowed with age" (同)response
doing something in opposition to another way of doing it that you dont like; "his style of painting was a reaction against cubism"
an idea evoked by some experience; "his reaction to the news was to start planning what to do"
extreme conservatism in political or social matters; "the forces of reaction carried the election"
arrange (open windows) on a computer desktop so that they overlap each other, with the title bars visible
a small waterfall or series of small waterfalls
a succession of stages or operations or processes or units; "progressing in severity as though a cascade of genetic damage was occurring"; "separation of isotopes by a cascade of processes"
rush down in big quantities, like a cascade (同)cascade down

PrepTutorEJDIC

{名}(…に対する)『反応』《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈U〉(…に対する)(政治的・社会的な)『反動』,逆コース《+『against』+『名』》 / 〈U〉〈C〉化学反応,化学変化 / 〈U〉〈C〉(物理学で)反作用
(いく筋にもなって落ちる)小滝,(庭園などの)人工滝 / 滝状になった物 / 小滝となって(小滝のように)落ちる

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/30 21:29:10」(JST)

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A cascade reaction or tandem reaction or domino reaction is a consecutive series of intramolecular organic reactions which often proceed via highly reactive intermediates. It allows the organic synthesis of complex multinuclear molecules from a single acyclic precursor. The substrate contains many functional groups that take part in chemical transformations one at a time. Often a functional group is generated in situ from the previous chemical transformation. The definition includes the prerequisite intramolecular in order to distinguish this reaction type from a multi-component reaction. In this sense it differs from the definition of a biochemical cascade. The main advantages of a cascade reaction in organic synthesis are that the reaction is often fast due to its intramolecular nature, the reaction is also clean, displays high atom economy, does not involve workup and isolation of many intermediates, and adds much complexity in effectively one step.

A cascade reaction is sometimes called a living reaction because it shares some characteristics with a living polymerization. In cascade reactions one can identify an initiation site, a relay moiety and a termination moiety. Examples of cascade reactions are numerous (e.g. the Aldol-Tishchenko reaction) and especially so in alkyne chemistry (the Banert cascade to name just one) or polyolefin polycycloisomerizations. Other alkyne coupling reactions are classified based on common features such as type of compound synthesised, for instance the spiro mode cascade:^[1]

or the linear-fused mode cascade,^[2] through application of the intramolecular Heck reaction:

or the zipper mode cascade.^[3]

Other cascade reactions are included in Diels-Alder reactions, oxirane ring-opening reactions,^[4]^[5]^[6] and Pauson–Khand reactions.^[7]

An example of an oxirane cascade reaction is given by the synthesis of certain polyether ladder polymers:^[8]

This type of ladder compounds are found in marine lifeforms such as red tide. The tri-epoxide is prepared from a triene through asymmetric Shi epoxidation and oxone as primary oxidizing agent. The hydroxyl group in the tri-epoxide is activated as a nucleophile by the presence of the base caesium carbonate The bulky trimethylsilyl groups make such that the polyether is formed with the correct stereochemistry and they are removed in situ by caesium fluoride.

References

^ Barry M. Trost and Yian Shi (1991). "A Pd-Catalyzed Zipper Reaction". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 113 (2): 701–703. doi:10.1021/ja00002a064.
^ M. M. Abelman and L. E. Overman (1988). "Palladium-catalyzed polyene cyclizations of dienyl aryl iodides". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 110 (7): 2328–2329. doi:10.1021/ja00215a068.
^ T. Sugihara, C. Coperet, Z. Owczarczyk, L. S. Harring and E.-i. Negishi (1994). "Deferred Carbonylative Esterification in the Pd-Catalyzed Cyclic Carbometalation-Carbonylation Cascade". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 116 (17): 7923–7924. doi:10.1021/ja00096a070.
^ Ronald Grigg and Visuvanathar Sridharan (1998). "Heterocycles via Pd catalysed molecular queuing processes. Relay switches and the maximisation of molecular com plexity" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 70 (5): 1047–1057. doi:10.1351/pac199870051047.
^ Tandem Reaction Sequences Chris Borths MacMillan Group Meeting November 21, 2000 article
^ Xiaomin Jin Cook Group Feb. 11, 2005 Article
^ Nakcheol Jeong, Byung Ki Sung, Jin Sung Kim, Soon Bong Park, Sung Deok Seo, Jin Young Shin, Kyu Yeol In, and Yoon Kyung Choi (2002). "Pauson–Khand-type reaction mediated by Rh(I) catalysts" (PDF). Pure Appl. Chem. 74 (1): 85–91. doi:10.1351/pac200274010085.
^ Graham L. Simpson, Timothy P. Heffron, Estíbaliz Merino, and Timothy F. Jamison (2006). "Ladder Polyether Synthesis via Epoxide-Opening Cascades Using a Disappearing Directing Group". J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128 (4): 1056–1057. doi:10.1021/ja057973p. PMID 16433504.

External links

Chemical Knots at The Periodic Table of Videos (University of Nottingham)

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Dominant Negative MCP-1 Blocks Human Osteoclast Differentiation.

Morrison NA, Day CJ, Nicholson GC.Author information School of Medical Science, Griffith University Gold Coast Campus, Parklands Drive, Southport, Queensland, 4215, Australia.AbstractHuman osteoclasts were differentiated using receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) from colony forming unit-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM) precursors of the myeloid lineage grown from umbilical cord blood. Gene expression profiling using quantitative polymerase chain reaction (Q-PCR) showed more than 1,000-fold induction of chemokine MCP-1 within 24 h of RANKL treatment. MCP-1 mRNA content exceeds that of other assayed chemokines (CCL1, 3, 4, and 5) at all time points up to day 14 of treatment. MCP-1 induction preceded peak induction of calcium signaling activator calmodulin 1 (CALM1) and transcription factors JUN and FOS, which were at 3 days. Key osteoclast related transcription factors NFATc1 and NFATc2 showed peak induction at 7 days, while marker genes for osteoclast function cathepsin K and tartrate resistance acid phosphatase (TRAP) were maximally induced at 14 days, corresponding with mature osteoclast function. To test whether the early and substantial peak in MCP-1 expression is part of human osteoclast differentiation events, a dominant negative inhibitor of MCP-1 (7ND) was added simultaneously with RANKL and M-CSF, resulting in blockade of CALM1, JUN and NFATc2 induction and strong inhibition of human osteoclast differentiation. These data show that a cascade of gene expression leading to osteoclast differentiation depends on intact early MCP-1 induction and signaling in human osteoclasts. J. Cell. Biochem. 115: 303-312, 2014. © 2013 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
Journal of cellular biochemistry.J Cell Biochem.2014 Feb;115(2):303-12. doi: 10.1002/jcb.24663.
Human osteoclasts were differentiated using receptor activator of NFκB ligand (RANKL) and macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) from colony forming unit-granulocyte macrophage (CFU-GM) precursors of the myeloid lineage grown from umbilical cord blood. Gene expression profiling using quantita
PMID 23996571

Zinc-mediated addition of diethyl bromomalonate to alkynes for the cascade reaction towards polysubstituted pyranones and tetracarbonyl derivatives.

Miersch A, Harms K, Hilt G.Author information Fachbereich Chemie, Hans-Meerwein-Str., 35043 Marburg, Germany. Hilt@chemie.uni-marburg.de.AbstractThe zinc-mediated regioselective addition reactions of diethyl bromomalonate and aromatic and aliphatic alkynes were investigated for the synthesis of vinyl malonates. When the vinyl organo-zinc intermediates were reacted with acid chlorides 2H-pyran-2-ones were obtained while the application of oxalyl chloride and an amine led to tetracarbonyl derivatives in a one-pot multi-step reaction sequence.
Chemical communications (Cambridge, England).Chem Commun (Camb).2014 Jan 18;50(5):542-4. doi: 10.1039/c3cc46788k. Epub 2013 Nov 22.
The zinc-mediated regioselective addition reactions of diethyl bromomalonate and aromatic and aliphatic alkynes were investigated for the synthesis of vinyl malonates. When the vinyl organo-zinc intermediates were reacted with acid chlorides 2H-pyran-2-ones were obtained while the application of oxa
PMID 24266022

N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed cascade reaction of 2-aroylvinylcinnamaldehydes with 2-aroylvinylchalcones: rapid assembly of six contiguous stereogenic centers with high diastereoselectivity.

Fan XW, Cheng Y.Author information College of Chemistry, Beijing Normal University, Beijing 100875, China. ycheng2@bnu.edu.cn.AbstractN-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed reaction of 2-aroylvinylcinnamaldehydes with 2-aroylvinylchalcones proceeded via a triple Michael addition and intramolecular lactonization cascade to produce novel 9-(2-aroyl-3-aroylmethyl-1-indanyl)-3-arylindeno[2,1-c]pyran-1-ones in good yields with high diastereoselectivity. This reaction constructed six contiguous stereogenic centers in a single reactive event. Among 32 possible diastereoisomers that contain six stereocenters, only two diastereoisomers were detected with diastereomeric ratios being 10 : 1-28 : 1. This work opens up a new avenue for the synthesis of complex indane derivatives, a type of compound that has been reported to possess various biological and pharmaceutical activities.
Organic & biomolecular chemistry.Org Biomol Chem.2014 Jan 7;12(1):123-31. doi: 10.1039/c3ob41656a. Epub 2013 Nov 8.
N-Heterocyclic carbene-catalyzed reaction of 2-aroylvinylcinnamaldehydes with 2-aroylvinylchalcones proceeded via a triple Michael addition and intramolecular lactonization cascade to produce novel 9-(2-aroyl-3-aroylmethyl-1-indanyl)-3-arylindeno[2,1-c]pyran-1-ones in good yields with high diastereo
PMID 24202128

Japanese Journal

蒸気タービン長翼用高反動度型超音速タービン翼列の設計法

妹尾茂樹,小野英樹
日本ガスタービン学会誌 41(2), 191-197, 2013-03-19
… The purpose of this paper is development of the design method for high-reaction-type supersonic turbine cascades. … Finally, the aerodynamic performance of supersonic turbine cascades and the design concept are validated by supersonic cascade wind tunnel tests. …
NAID 110009594936

拡張Pummerer型反応を駆使したヘテロ芳香族化合物の合成

依光英樹
有機合成化学協会誌 71(4), 341-354, 2013
… A newly uncovered interrupted Pummerer reaction/[3,3]sigmatropic rearrangement cascade is the key that realizes most of the transformations in this paper. … The last part of this paper describes the first example of metal-catalyzed Pummerer reaction where sulfoxides are directly activated by the catalyst. …
NAID 130003373283

多段階カスケード反応を駆使するケミカルバイオロジー研究

山口渉
有機合成化学協会誌 71(3), 247-248, 2013
… The development of a highly efficient cascade reaction sequence that rapidly proceeds via 12 consecutive chemical transformations in one pot has been described. … This cascade reaction includes nine different chemical reactions and two opposing types of organocatalysis (Brønsted acid and phosphine catalysis) , and terminates in the formation of tetracyclic tetrahydroindolo[2,3-a]quinolizines, which resemble the core scaffold of numerous polycyclic indole alkaloids. …
NAID 130003373276