動脈攣縮

WordNet

a painful and involuntary muscular contraction (同)cramp, muscle_spasm
(pathology) sudden constriction of a hollow organ (as a blood vessel)
of or involving or contained in the arteries; "arterial disease"; "the arterial system"; "arterial blood"

PrepTutorEJDIC

(筋肉などの)けいれん / (感情・活動などの)発作《+『of』+『名』》
動脈の,動脈状の / 動脈血の / 幹線の
鉱泉,温泉 / 温泉場

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/08/19 07:44:39」(JST)

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Vasospasm refers to a condition in which a blood vessel's spasm leads to vasoconstriction. This can lead to tissue ischemia and tissue death (necrosis). Cerebral vasospasm may arise in the context of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Symptomatic vasospasm or delayed cerebral ischemia is a major contributor to post-operative stroke and death especially after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage. Vasospasm typically appears 4 to 10 days after subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Along with physical resistance, vasospasm is a main cause of ischemia. Like physical resistance, vasospasms can occur due to atherosclerosis. Vasospasm is the major cause of prinzmetal angina.

General pathophysiology of vasospasms

Normally endothelial cells release prostacyclin and nitric oxide (NO) which induce relaxation of the smooth muscle cells, and reduce aggregation of platelets. Aggregating platelets stimulate ADP to act on endothelial cells and help them induce relaxation of the smooth muscle cells. However, aggregating platelets also stimulate thromboxane A2 and serotonin which can induce contraction of the smooth muscle cells. In general, the relaxations outweighs the contractions.

During atherosclerosis a dysfunctional endothelium is observed during examination. It does not stimulate as much prostacyclin and NO to induce relaxation on smooth muscle cells. Also there is not as much inhibition of aggregation of platelets. In this case, the greater aggregation of platelets produce ADP, serotonin, and thromboxane A2. However the serotonin and the thromboxane A2 cause more contraction of the smooth muscle cells and as a result contractions outweigh the relaxations.

Complications

Ischemia in the heart due to prolonged coronary vasospasm can lead to angina, myocardial infarction and even death.

Treatment

The occurrence of vasospams can be reduced by preventing the occurrence of atherosclerosis. This can be done in several ways, the most important being lifestyle modifications — decreasing low-density lipoprotein (LDL), quitting smoking, physical activity, and control for other risk factors including diabetes, obesity, and hypertension. Pharmacological therapies include hypolipidemic agents, thrombolytics and anticoagulants. Pharmacological options for reducing the severity and occurrence of ischemic episodes include the organic nitrates classified as having long acting (i.e. isosorbide dinitrate) and short acting (i.e. nitroglycerin) durations of action.

These drugs work by increasing nitric oxide levels in the blood and inducing coronary vasodilation which will allow for more coronary blood flow due to a decreased coronary resistance, allowing for increased oxygen supply to the vital organs (myocardium). The nitric oxide increase in the blood resulting from these drugs also causes dilation of systemic veins which in turn causes a reduction in venous return, ventricular work load and ventricular radius. All of these reductions contribute to the decrease in ventricular wall stress which is significant because this causes the demand of oxygen to decrease. In general organic nitrates decrease oxygen demand and increase oxygen supply. It is this favourable change to the body that can decrease the severity of ischemic symptoms, particularly angina.

Other medications used to reduce the occurrence and severity of vasospams and ultimately ischemia include L-type calcium channel blockers (notably nimodipine, as well as verapamil, diltiazem, nifedipine) and beta-receptor antagonists (also known as beta blockers or β-blockers) such as propranolol.

L-type calcium channel blockers can induce dilation of the coronary arteries while also decreasing the heart's demand for oxygen by reducing contractility, heart rate, and wall stress. The reduction of these latter three factors decreases the contractile force that the myocardium must exert in order to achieve the same level of cardiac output.

Beta-receptor antagonists do not cause vasodilation, but like L-type calcium channel blockers, they do reduce the heart's demand for oxygen. This reduction similarly results from a decrease in heart rate, afterload, and wall stress.

Adverse effects

Like most pharmacological therapeutic options, there are risks that should be considered. For these drugs in particular, vasodilation can be associated with some adverse effects which might include orthostatic hypotension, reflex tachycardia, headaches and palpitations. Tolerance may also develop over time due compensatory response of the body, as well as depletion of -SH groups of glutathione which are essential for the metabolism of the drugs to their active forms.

Potential side effects:

Verapamil: hypotension, bradycardia, constipation
Diltiazem: hypotension, bradycardia,risk of heart block
Nifedipine: hypotension
Propranolol: asystole, asthma attacks

Contraindications

Organic nitrates should not be taken with PDE5 inhibitors (i.e. sildenafil) since both NO and PDE5 inhibitors increase cyclic GMP levels and the sum of their pharmacodynamic effects will greatly exceed the optimal therapeutic levels. What you could see upon taking both medications at the same time, as caused by the much higher induction of relaxation of smooth muscle cells, include a severe drop in blood pressure.

Beta-receptor antagonists should be avoided in patients with reactive pulmonary disease to avoid asthma attacks. Also Beta-receptor antagonists should be avoided in patients with AV node dysfunction and/or patients on other medications which might cause bradycardia (i.e. calcium channel blockers). The potential for these contraindications and drug-drug interaction could lead to asystole and cardiac arrest.

Certain calcium channel blocker should be avoided with some beta-receptor blockers since they may cause severe bradycardia and other potential side effects.

Corrective Therapy

Since vasospasms can be caused by atherosclerosis and contribute to the severity of ischemia there are some surgical options which can restore circulation to these ischemic areas. Regarding coronary vasospasm, one surgical intervention, referred to as percutaneous coronary intervention or angioplasty, involves placing a stent at the site of stenosis in an artery and inflating the stent using a balloon catheter. Another surgical intervention is coronary artery bypass.

References

This information is a summary of a lecture given by a professor at Albany College of Pharmacy.

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1. 異型狭心症 variant angina
2. 心臓症候群X：正常冠動脈の狭心症 cardiac syndrome x angina pectoris with normal coronary arteries
3. 成人における胸痛の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of chest pain in adults
4. 急性冠症候群がない患者にでの心筋トロポニン濃度の上昇 elevated cardiac troponin concentration in the absence of an acute coronary syndrome
5. 心筋虚血および心筋梗塞の診断における心電図 electrocardiogram in the diagnosis of myocardial ischemia and infarction

English Journal

Coronary Artery Manifestations of Fibromuscular Dysplasia.

Michelis KC1, Olin JW2, Kadian-Dodov D1, d'Escamard V1, Kovacic JC3.
Journal of the American College of Cardiology.J Am Coll Cardiol.2014 Sep 9;64(10):1033-1046. doi: 10.1016/j.jacc.2014.07.014.
Fibromuscular dysplasia (FMD) involving the coronary arteries is an uncommon but important condition that can present as acute coronary syndrome, left ventricular dysfunction, or potentially sudden cardiac death. Although the classic angiographic "string of beads" that may be observed in renal arter
PMID 25190240

A systematic review of the pathophysiology of 5-fluorouracil-induced cardiotoxicity.

Polk A, Vistisen K, Vaage-Nilsen M, Nielsen DL.
BMC pharmacology & toxicology.BMC Pharmacol Toxicol.2014 Sep 4;15(1):47. [Epub ahead of print]
BACKGROUND: Cardiotoxicity is a serious side effect to treatment with 5-fluorouracil (5-FU), but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. The objective of this systematic review was to evaluate the pathophysiology of 5-FU- induced cardiotoxicity.METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed
PMID 25186061

Coronary microvascular spasm triggers transient ischemic left ventricular diastolic abnormalities in patients with chest pain and angiographically normal coronary arteries.

Arrebola-Moreno AL1, Arrebola JP2, Moral-Ruiz A3, Ramirez-Hernandez JA4, Melgares-Moreno R4, Kaski JC5.
Atherosclerosis.Atherosclerosis.2014 Sep;236(1):207-14. doi: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2014.07.009. Epub 2014 Jul 18.
AIMS: Impaired coronary microvascular dilatory function can lead to exercise induced myocardial ischemia and angina pectoris even in patients without significant (>50%) obstructive coronary atherosclerosis (APWOCA). Diffuse distal vessel epicardial spasm and microvascular spasm have been also pro
PMID 25075937

Japanese Journal

Posttraumatic Cerebellar Infarction after Repeated Sport-related Minor Head Injuries in a Young Adult: A Case Report

,
Neurologia medico-chirurgica advpub(0), 2015
A healthy 23-year-old man suffered helmet-to-helmet collisions with an opponent during American football game twice within 3 days. He then experienced continuous vomiting and dizziness. Magnetic reson …
NAID 130004922302

Posttraumatic Cerebellar Infarction after Repeated Sport-related Minor Head Injuries in a Young Adult: A Case Report

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Neurologia medico-chirurgica 55(2), 179-182, 2015
A healthy 23-year-old man suffered helmet-to-helmet collisions with an opponent during American football game twice within 3 days. He then experienced continuous vomiting and dizziness. Magnetic reson …
NAID 130004922282

Trigeminal Neuralgia in a Patient with Marfan Syndrome: Case Report

, , , , ,
Neurologia medico-chirurgica 55(1), 101-105, 2015
… However, these arteries rarely cause neurovascular compression resulting in hemifacial spasm or trigeminal neuralgia. … Neurosurgeons should not only be aware of hemifacial spasm but also of trigeminal neuralgia caused by elongated vessels in a patient with Marfan syndrome, although it is an extremely rare condition. … Care should be taken to prevent arterial dissection during transposition by using some technical tips. …
NAID 130004922263