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| S-Adenosyl methionine | |||
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IUPAC name
(2S)-2-Amino-4-[[(2S,3S,4R,5R)-5-(6-aminopurin-9-yl)-3,4-dihydroxyoxolan-2-yl]methyl-methylsulfonio]butanoate |
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Other names
S-Adenosyl-L-methionine; SAM-e; SAMe, AdoMet, ademethionine |
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| Identifiers | |||
| CAS number | 29908-03-0 Y | ||
| PubChem | 9865604 | ||
| ChemSpider | 8041295 Y | ||
| MeSH | S-Adenosylmethionine | ||
| ChEMBL | CHEMBL24991 N | ||
| ATC code | A16AA02 | ||
| Jmol-3D images | Image 1 | ||
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SMILES
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InChI
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| Properties | |||
| Molecular formula | C15H22N6O5S | ||
| Molar mass | 398.44 g/mol | ||
| Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C (77 °F), 100 kPa) | |||
| N (verify) (what is: Y/N?) | |||
| Infobox references | |||
S-Adenosyl methionine (SAM-e, SAMe, SAM, S-Adenosyl-L-methionine, AdoMet, ademetionine) is a common cosubstrate involved in methyl group transfers. SAM was first discovered in Italy by G. L. Cantoni in 1952.[1] It is made from adenosine triphosphate (ATP) and methionine by methionine adenosyltransferase (EC 2.5.1.6). Transmethylation, transsulfuration, and aminopropylation are the metabolic pathways that use SAM. Although these anabolic reactions occur throughout the body, most SAM is produced and consumed in the liver.[1]
The methyl group (CH3) attached to the methionine sulfur atom in SAM is chemically reactive. This allows donation of this group to an acceptor substrate in transmethylation reactions. More than 40 metabolic reactions involve the transfer of a methyl group from SAM to various substrates, such as nucleic acids, proteins, lipids and secondary metabolites.
In bacteria, SAM is bound by the SAM riboswitch, which regulates genes involved in methionine or cysteine biosynthesis.
Contents
- 1 Biochemistry of S-adenosyl methionine
- 1.1 SAM cycle
- 1.2 Radical SAM enzymes
- 1.3 Polyamine biosynthesis
- 2 Therapeutic uses
- 3 Forms, usage and adverse effects
- 3.1 Oral forms
- 3.2 Injectable forms
- 3.3 Usage
- 3.4 Adverse effects
- 3.5 Possible side effects
- 3.5.1 Induction of mania
- 3.6 Interactions and contraindications
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Biochemistry of S-adenosyl methionine
SAM cycle
The reactions that produce, consume, and regenerate SAM are called the SAM cycle. In the first step of this cycle, the SAM-dependent methylases (EC 2.1.1) that use SAM as a substrate produce S-adenosyl homocysteine as a product.[2] This is hydrolysed to homocysteine and adenosine by S-adenosylhomocysteine hydrolase EC 3.3.1.1 and the homocysteine recycled back to methionine through transfer of a methyl group from 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, by one of the two classes of methionine synthases (i.e. cobalamin-dependent (EC 2.1.1.13) or cobalamin-independent (EC 2.1.1.14)). This methionine can then be converted back to SAM, completing the cycle.[3] In the rate-limiting step of the SAM cycle, MTHFR (methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase) irreversibly reduces 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate to 5-methyltetrahydrofolate.
Radical SAM enzymes
A large number of iron-sulfur cluster-containing enzymes cleave SAM reductively to produce a 5′-deoxyadenosyl 5′-radical as an intermediate, and are called radical SAM enzymes.[4] Most enzymes with this capability share a region of sequence homology that includes the motif CxxxCxxC or a close variant. The radical intermediate allows enzymes to perform a wide variety of unusual chemical reactions. Examples of radical SAM enzymes include spore photoproduct lyase, activases of pyruvate formate lyase and anaerobic sulfatases, lysine 2,3-aminomutase, and various enzymes of cofactor biosynthesis, peptide modification, metalloprotein cluster formation, tRNA modification, lipid metabolism, etc. Some radical SAM enzymes use a second SAM as a methyl donor. Radical SAM enzymes are much more abundant in anaerobic bacteria than in aerobic organisms.
Polyamine biosynthesis
Another major role of SAM is in polyamine biosynthesis. Here, SAM is decarboxylated by adenosylmethionine decarboxylase (EC 4.1.1.50) to form S-adenosylmethioninamine. This compound then donates its n-propylamine group in the biosynthesis of polyamines such as spermidine and spermine from putrescine.[5]
SAM is required for cellular growth and repair. It is also involved in the biosynthesis of several hormones and neurotransmitters that affect mood, such as epinephrine. Methyltransferases are also responsible for the addition of methyl groups to the 2' hydroxyls of the first and second nucleotides next to the 5' cap in messenger RNA.[6][7]
Therapeutic uses
In the United States and Canada, SAM is sold as a nutritional supplement under the marketing name SAM-e (also spelled SAME or SAMe; pronounced "sam ee" or "Sammy"). SAM is also marketed under the Gumbaral, Samyr, Adomet, Heptral, Agotan, Donamet, Isimet and Admethionine brand names as a prescription drug approved in Russia, Italy, and several countries of the European Union. In India, SAM is also marketed as Nusam under dietary supplement category. In Serbia, the drug is marketed as "Tensilen".[8] Some research, including multiple clinical trials, has indicated taking SAM on a regular basis may help fight depression,[9][10][11][12][13] liver disease,[14][15] and the pain of osteoarthritis.[16] All other indications are not yet proven.
Therapeutic use of SAM has increased in the US, as dietary supplements have gained in popularity, especially after the Dietary Supplement Health and Education Act was passed in 1994. This law allowed the distribution of SAM as a dietary supplement, and therefore allowed it to bypass the regulatory requirements for drugs of the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
At first, a line of evidence suggested abnormally low levels of endogenous SAM may play an important role in the development of Alzheimer's disease, and that SAM may therefore have therapeutic potential in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. However, further research has indicated this effect is likely due to vitamin B12 deficiencies, which result in neurologic defects due to the inability to conduct one carbon transfers (with folate) in the absence of B12. Severely low levels of SAM have been found in the cerebrospinal fluid[17] and in all brain regions of Alzheimer's disease patients examined.[18]
SAMe has been studied in the treatment of osteoarthritis. SAMe reduces the pain associated with osteoarthritis. Although an optimal dose has yet to be determined, SAMe appears as effective as the non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Additional study is warranted to confirm these findings.[19]
Forms, usage and adverse effects
Oral forms
Oral SAM achieves peak plasma concentrations three to five hours after ingestion of an enteric-coated tablet (400–1000 mg). The half-life is about 100 minutes.[20] It may require up to one month for it to reach full effectiveness in treating osteoarthritis.[20] Because of structural instability, stable salt forms of SAM are required for its use as an oral drug. The University of Maryland lists the commonly used salts: tosylate, butanedisulfonate, disulfate tosylate, disulfate ditosylate, and disulfate monotosylate.[21]
With the advent of FDA-mandated good manufacturing practices (GMPs) in 2008, manufacturers are required to confirm their products contain what is listed on the label through the end of shelf life. Whether they achieve this goal or not has been questioned. This testing has shown that properly produced and packaged SAM has a shelf life in excess of three years; however, most manufacturers label for a two-year shelf life.
Claims that the SAM butanedisulfonate salt is more stable or better absorbed are not supported by the references usually cited as evidence. Different salts have successfully been used in clinical trials, but there is no published head-to-head comparison.[21][22][23]
Injectable forms
Injectable SAMe (marketed as Heptral by Abbott) is available in Russia. Bioavailability of intramuscular injected SAMe is 96% (compared to 5% of oral form) [24]
Usage
SAM is best absorbed on an empty stomach. Enteric-coated tablets packaged in foil or foil blister packs increase stability and improve absorption. SAM should be stored in a cool, dry place to prevent decomposition.[21]
Adverse effects
Gastrointestinal disorder, dyspepsia and anxiety can occur with SAM consumption.[20] Long-term effects are unknown. SAM is a weak DNA-alkylating agent.[25]
Possible side effects
Once SAM donates its methyl group to choline, in the formation of creatine, carnitine, DNA, tRNA, norepinephrine, and other compounds, it is transformed into S-adenosyl-homocysteine, (SAH). Under normal circumstances, homocysteine, in the presence of vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folic acid (SAM's main cofactors), will eventually be converted back into methionine, SAM, or cysteine, glutathione, and other useful substances. However, if adequate amounts of these vitamins are not present, SAM may not break down properly. As a consequence, its full benefits will not be obtained, and homocysteine may increase to unsafe levels. Small studies have not shown a consistent effect of SAM on homocysteine levels, but more research is needed.[26][27]
High levels of homocysteine have been associated with atherosclerosis (hardening and narrowing of the arteries), as well as an increased risk of heart attacks, strokes, liver damage, and possibly Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, vitamin B supplements are often taken along with SAM. These vitamins help metabolize the homocysteine into other useful compounds.[28]
Another reported side effect of SAM is insomnia; therefore, the supplement is often taken in the morning. Other reports of mild side effects include lack of appetite, constipation, nausea, dry mouth, sweating, and anxiety/nervousness, but in placebo-controlled studies, these side effects occur at about the same incidence in the placebo groups.
Therapeutic doses range from 400 mg/day to 1600 mg/day, although higher doses are used in some cases.[20][29]
Induction of mania
In an extensive MEDLINE search on SAM, Kagan found induction of mania in one patient out of 15 treated with parenteral SAM. In the same review, Lipinski found the apparent induction of mania in two patients with bipolar disorder (total of nine depressed patients studied).[30] Both depression and mania can be life-threatening conditions that may cause cognitive dysfunction even after remission.[31] There is concern that antidepressants in general can induce mania or hypomania in bipolar persons.[32]
Interactions and contraindications
Taking SAM at the same time as some drugs may increase the risk of serotonin syndrome, a potentially dangerous condition caused by having too much serotonin.[33] These drugs include dextromethorphan (Robitussin), meperidine (Demerol), pentazocine (Talwin), and tramadol (Ultram).[33] SAM may also interact with antidepressant medications increasing the potential for their side effects and reduce the effectiveness of levodopa for Parkinson's disease.[33]
See also
- DNA methyltransferase
- SAM riboswitch
References
- ^ a b Cantoni, GL (1952). "The Nature of the Active Methyl Donor Formed Enzymatically from L-Methionine and Adenosinetriphosphate". J Am Chem Soc 74 (11): 2942–3. doi:10.1021/ja01131a519.
- ^ Finkelstein J, Martin J (2000). "Homocysteine". Int J Biochem Cell Biol 32 (4): 385–9. doi:10.1016/S1357-2725(99)00138-7. PMID 10762063.
- ^ Födinger M, Hörl W, Sunder-Plassmann G (Jan–February 2000). "Molecular biology of 5,10-methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase". J Nephrol 13 (1): 20–33. PMID 10720211.
- ^ Booker, SJ; Grove, TL (2010). "Mechanistic and functional versatility of radical SAM enzymes". F1000 biology reports 2: 52. doi:10.3410/B2-52. PMC 2996862. PMID 21152342.
- ^ Roje S (2006). "S-Adenosyl-L-methionine: beyond the universal methyl group donor". Phytochemistry 67 (15): 1686–98. doi:10.1016/j.phytochem.2006.04.019. PMID 16766004.
- ^ Loenen W (2006). "S-adenosylmethionine: jack of all trades and master of everything?". Biochem Soc Trans 34 (Pt 2): 330–3. doi:10.1042/BST20060330. PMID 16545107.
- ^ Chiang P, Gordon R, Tal J, Zeng G, Doctor B, Pardhasaradhi K, McCann P (1996). "S-Adenosylmethionine and methylation". FASEB J 10 (4): 471–80. PMID 8647346.
- ^ "Šta je". Tensilen. Retrieved 2014-04-28.
- ^ Papakostas, GI (Nov 2002). "Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence". Am J Clin Nutr. 76(5): 1158S–61S. doi:10.4088/JCP.8157su1c.04. PMID 19909689.
- ^ Bressa, GM (1994). "S-adenosyl-l-methionine (SAMe) as antidepressant: meta-analysis of clinical studies". Acta Neurol Scand Suppl. 154: 7–14. PMID 7941964.
- ^ "Investigating SAM-e". Geriatric Times. 2001. Retrieved 2006-12-08.
- ^ Kagan, BL; Sultzer, DL; Rosenlicht, N; Gerner, RH (May 1, 1990). "Oral S-adenosylmethionine in depression: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial". Am J Psychiatry 147 (5): 591–5. PMID 2183633. Retrieved 2007-02-16.
- ^ Rosenbaum, JF; Fava, M; Falk, WE; Pollack, MH; Cohen, LS; Cohen, BM; Zubenko, GS (May 1990). "The antidepressant potential of oral S-adenosyl-l-methionine". Acta Psychiatrica Scandinavica 81 (5): 432–6. doi:10.1111/j.1600-0447.1990.tb05476.x. PMID 2113347.
- ^ Anstee, Quentin M.; Day, Christopher P. (2012). "S-adenosylmethionine (SAMe) therapy in liver disease: A review of current evidence and clinical utility". Journal of hepatology 57 (5): 1097–1109. doi:10.1016/j.jhep.2012.04.041. Retrieved 18 June 2014.
- ^ Mato, José M. (2007). "Role of S‐adenosyl‐L‐methionine in liver health and injury". Hepatology 45 (5): 1306–1312. doi:10.1002/hep.21650.
|accessdate=requires|url=(help) - ^ Mary Hardy; MD, Principal Investigator, Ian Coulter, PhD, Sally C Morton, PhD, Joya Favreau, MD, Swamy Venuturupalli, MD, Francesco Chiappelli, PhD, Frederico Rossi, MD, Greg Orshansky, MD, Lara K Jungvig, BA, Elizabeth A Roth, MA, Marika J Suttorp, MS, and Paul Shekelle, MD, PhD. (October 2002). S-Adenosyl-L-Methionine for Treatment of Depression, Osteoarthritis, and Liver Disease (Report). Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK36942/. Retrieved 2012-08-31.
- ^ Bottiglieri T, Godfrey P, Flynn T, Carney MW, Toone BK, Reynolds EH. (1990). "Cerebrospinal fluid S-adenosylmethionine in depression and dementia: effects of treatment with parenteral and oral S-adenosylmethionine". J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 53 (12): 1096–8. doi:10.1136/jnnp.53.12.1096. PMC 488323. PMID 2292704.
- ^ Morrison LD, Smith DD, Kish SJ. (1996). "Brain S-adenosylmethionine levels are severely decreased in Alzheimer's disease". J Neurochem. 67 (3): 1328–31. doi:10.1046/j.1471-4159.1996.67031328.x. PMID 8752143.
- ^ "SAMe". mayoclinic.
- ^ a b c d Najm WI, Reinsch S, Hoehler F, Tobis JS, Harvey PW (February 2004). "S-Adenosyl methionine (SAMe) versus celecoxib for the treatment of osteoarthritis symptoms: A double-blind cross-over trial. ISRCTN36233495". BMC Musculoskelet Disord 5: 6. doi:10.1186/1471-2474-5-6. PMC 387830. PMID 15102339.
- ^ a b c "S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe)". University of Maryland Medical Center. 2004. Retrieved 2009-11-09.
- ^ "Product Review: SAMe". ConsumerLab. 2003-11-18. Retrieved 2006-12-19.
- ^ "What Is SAMe". Newsweek. July 1999. Retrieved 2010-08-30.
- ^ Russian: Vidal drug catalog: Heptral
- ^ Rydberg B, Lindahl T (1982). "Nonenzymatic methylation of DNA by the intracellular methyl group donor S-adenosyl-L-methionine is a potentially mutagenic reaction". EMBO J. 1 (2): 211–6. PMC 553022. PMID 7188181.
- ^ drweil.com. "Dr. Weil: Can SAM-e hurt my heart?".
- ^ Thompson MA, Bauer BA, Loehrer LL et al. (May 2009). "Dietary supplement S-adenosyl-L-methionine (AdoMet) effects on plasma homocysteine levels in healthy human subjects: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, randomized clinical trial". J Altern Complement Med 15 (5): 523–9. doi:10.1089/acm.2008.0402. PMC 2875864. PMID 19422296.
- ^ "SAM-e & homocysteine". www.nutraseal.com. Archived from the original on 2007-09-28. Retrieved 2007-06-04.
- ^ Mischoulon, D; Fava, M (November 2002). "Role of S-adenosyl-L-methionine in the treatment of depression: a review of the evidence" (PDF). Am J Clin Nutr 76 (5): 1158S–61S. PMID 12420702. Retrieved 2006-12-07.
- ^ Janicak PG, Lipinski J, Davis JM, Altman E, Sharma RP (1989). "Parenteral S-adenosyl-methionine (SAMe) in depression: literature review and preliminary data". Psychopharmacology bulletin 25 (2): 238–42. PMID 2690166.
- ^ Jamison, Kay (January 21, 2004). "Brain Damage in Depression and Bipolar Disorder". McMan's Depression and Bipolar Web. Archived from the original on 2012-08-31.
- ^ "Antidepressants in Bipolar Disorder: The Controversies". PsychEducation.org. November 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-10.
- ^ a b c S-adenosylmethionine, University of Maryland Medical Center
External links
- EINECS number 249-946-8
- Shippy, R Andrew; Mendez, Douglas; Jones, Kristina; Cergnul, Irene; Karpiak, Stephen E (2004). "S-adenosylmethionine (SAM-e) for the treatment of depression in people living with HIV/AIDS". BMC Psychiatry 4: 38. doi:10.1186/1471-244X-4-38. PMC 535560. PMID 15538952.
- About.com SAM-e Resource Index at About.com
- list of known SAM-e drug interactions and precautions in use at University of Maryland Medical Centers
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English Journal
- Electrogenerated chemiluminescence biosensing method for the detection of DNA methylation and assay of the methyltransferase activity.
- Li Y, Huang C, Zheng J, Qi H.SourceInstitute of Analytical Science, Northwest University, Shaanxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Electroanalytical Chemistry, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710069, China.
- Biosensors & bioelectronics.Biosens Bioelectron.2012 Oct;38(1):407-10. Epub 2012 May 11.
- A novel electrogenerated chemiluminescence (ECL) biosensing method for highly sensitive detection of DNA methylation and assay of the CpG methyltransferase (M. SssI) activity was developed on basis of enzyme-linkage reactions and ruthenium complex served as an ECL tag. The ECL biosensing electrode w
- PMID 22633940
- Effects of histone modifications on increased expression of polyamine biosynthetic genes in suicide.
- Fiori LM, Gross JA, Turecki G.SourceMcGill Group for Suicide Studies, Douglas Mental Health University Institute, McGill University, Verdun, Quebec, Canada.
- The international journal of neuropsychopharmacology / official scientific journal of the Collegium Internationale Neuropsychopharmacologicum (CINP).Int J Neuropsychopharmacol.2012 Sep;15(8):1161-6. Epub 2011 Oct 19.
- Altered polyamine metabolism has been consistently observed as underlying the suicide process. We recently performed a global analysis of polyamine gene expression across the brains of suicide completers, and identified up-regulation of four genes, arginase II (ARG2), S-adenosylmethionine decarboxyl
- PMID 22008221
Related Links
- Ademetionine is a form of the amino acid methionine. Low levels of folate or vitamin B12 can cause a drop in ademetionine. It is not found in foods. ... Ademetionine is made in oral and intravenous forms. Based on evidence from some ...
- Ademetionine Description Ademetionine, also known as SAMe, is a specific form of the amino acid methionine known as S-adenosyl-methionine. The body manufactures it, and it is found in most tissues of the body. Ademetionine is ...
Related Pictures
★リンクテーブル★
| リンク元 | 「S-アデノシルメチオニン」「アデメチオニン」 |
「S-アデノシルメチオニン」
- 英
- S-adenosylmethionine, SAM
- 同
- 活性メチオニン active methionine
- 関
- アデノシルメチオニン ademetionine AdoMet、S-adenosyl-L-methionine
- メチル基供与体となる体内物質