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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/10/26 22:59:05」(JST)

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Cartoon diagram of a dimer of Escherichia coli galactose-1-phosphate uridylyltransferase (GALT) in complex with UDP-galactose (stick models). Potassium, zinc, and iron ions are visible as purple, gray, and bronze-colored spheres respectively.

In biochemistry, a dimer is a macromolecular complex formed by two, usually non-covalently bound, macromolecules such as proteins or nucleic acids. It is a quaternary structure of a protein.

A homodimer is formed by two identical molecules (a process called homodimerisation). A heterodimer is formed by two different macromolecules (called heterodimerisation).

Most dimers in biochemistry are not connected by covalent bonds. An example of a non-covalent heterodimer is the enzyme reverse transcriptase, which is composed of two different amino acid chains.^[1] An exception is dimers that are linked by disulfide bridges such as the homodimeric protein NEMO.^[2]

Some proteins contain specialized domains to ensure dimerization (dimerization domains).

Examples

Antibodies
Receptor tyrosine kinases
Transcription factors
- Leucine zipper motif proteins
- Nuclear receptors
14-3-3 proteins
G protein-coupled receptors
G protein βγ-subunit dimer
Kinesin
Triosephosphateisomerase (TIM)
Alcohol dehydrogenase
Factor XI
Factor XIII
Toll-like receptor
Fibrinogen
Variable surface glycoproteins of the Trypanosoma parasite

References

^ Sluis-Cremer N, Hamamouch N, San Félix A, Velazquez S, Balzarini J, Camarasa MJ (August 2006). "Structure-activity relationships of [2',5'-bis-O-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)-beta-D-ribofuranosyl]- 3'-spiro-5' '-(4' '-amino-1' ',2' '-oxathiole-2' ',2' '-dioxide)thymine derivatives as inhibitors of HIV-1 reverse transcriptase dimerization". J. Med. Chem. 49 (16): 4834–41. doi:10.1021/jm0604575. PMID 16884295.
^ Herscovitch M, Comb W, Ennis T, Coleman K, Yong S, Armstead B, Kalaitzidis D, Chandani S, Gilmore TD (February 2008). "Intermolecular disulfide bond formation in the NEMO dimer requires Cys54 and Cys347". Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 367 (1): 103–8. doi:10.1016/j.bbrc.2007.12.123. PMC 2277332. PMID 18164680.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 胃癌の病理および分子学的病因 pathology and molecular pathogenesis of gastric cancer
2. 筋萎縮性側索硬化症の疫学および病因 epidemiology and pathogenesis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
3. 鉄のバランス調節 regulation of iron balance

English Journal

Structural insights into the interaction of human S100B and basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF2): Effects on FGFR1 receptor signaling.

Gupta AA, Chou RH, Li H, Yang LW, Yu C.SourceDepartment of Chemistry, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2013 Dec;1834(12):2606-2619. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.09.012. Epub 2013 Sep 22.
S100B is a calcium sensing protein belonging to the S100 protein family with intracellular and extracellular roles. It is one of the EF hand homodimeric proteins, which is known to interact with various protein targets to regulate varied biological functions. Extracellular S100B has been recently re
PMID 24063890

The E104D mutation increases the susceptibility of human triosephosphate isomerase to proteolysis. Asymmetric cleavage of the two monomers of the homodimeric enzyme.

De La Mora-De La Mora I, Torres-Larios A, Mendoza-Hernández G, Enriquez-Flores S, Castillo-Villanueva A, Mendez ST, Garcia-Torres I, Torres-Arroyo A, Gómez-Manzo S, Marcial-Quino J, Oria-Hernández J, López-Velázquez G, Reyes-Vivas H.SourceLaboratorio de Bioquímica-Genética, Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Secretaría de Salud, México.
Biochimica et biophysica acta.Biochim Biophys Acta.2013 Dec;1834(12):2702-2711. doi: 10.1016/j.bbapap.2013.08.012. Epub 2013 Sep 20.
The deficiency of human triosephosphate isomerase (HsTIM) generates neurological alterations, cardiomyopathy and premature death. The mutation E104D is the most frequent cause of the disease. Although the wild type and mutant exhibit similar kinetic parameters, it has been shown that the E104D subst
PMID 24056040

Structural Analysis of Guanylyl Cyclase-Activating Protein-2 (GCAP-2) Homodimer by Stable Isotope-Labeling, Chemical Cross-Linking, and Mass Spectrometry.

Pettelkau J, Thondorf I, Theisgen S, Lilie H, Schröder T, Arlt C, Ihling CH, Sinz A.SourceDepartment of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Bioanalytics, Institute of Pharmacy, Martin-Luther University Halle-Wittenberg, D-06120, Halle (Saale), Germany.
Journal of the American Society for Mass Spectrometry.J Am Soc Mass Spectrom.2013 Dec;24(12):1969-79. doi: 10.1007/s13361-013-0734-6. Epub 2013 Sep 12.
The topology of the GCAP-2 homodimer was investigated by chemical cross-linking and high resolution mass spectrometry. Complementary conducted size-exclusion chromatography and analytical ultracentrifugation studies indicated that GCAP-2 forms a homodimer both in the absence and in the presence of C
PMID 24026978

Japanese Journal

NMR study of xenotropic murine leukemia virus-related virus protease in a complex with amprenavir.

Furukawa Ayako,Okamura Hideyasu,Morishita Ryo,Matsunaga Satoko,Kobayashi Naohiro,Ikegami Takahisa,Kodaki Tsutomu,Takaori-Kondo Akifumi,Ryo Akihide,Nagata Takashi,Katahira Masato
Biochemical and biophysical research communications 425(2), 284-289, 2012-08-24
… The homodimeric protease (PR) of XMRV plays a critical role in the production of functional viral proteins and is a prerequisite for viral replication. …
NAID 120004873605

Gene Expression and Characterization of a Third Type of Dye-Linked L-Proline Dehydrogenase from the Aerobic Hyperthermophilic Archaeon, Aeropyrum pernix

SATOMURA Takenori,HARA Yusuke,SUYE Shin-ichiro [他],SAKURABA Haruhiko,OHSHIMA Toshihisa
Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 76(3), 589-593, 2012-03-23
… The expressed enzyme was highly thermostable LPDH having a molecular mass of about 88 kDa and a homodimeric structure. …
NAID 10030750977

好熱性細菌Thermus sp.O-3-1由来耐熱性アミダーゼの精製及び性質検討

小林史明,青峰弘起,水無渉,湯不二夫,田村隆,稲垣賢二
岡山大学農学部学術報告 101, 1-6, 2012-02-01
… The molecular mass of the native enzyme was estimated to be about 70 kDa by gel filtration chromatography, indicating that the enzyme has a homodimeric structure. …
NAID 120003752065