WordNet

a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
a string of more than 3,000 islands to the east of Asia extending 1,300 miles between the Sea of Japan and the western Pacific Ocean (同)Japanese Islands, Japanese Archipelago
a constitutional monarchy occupying the Japanese Archipelago; a world leader in electronics and automobile manufacture and ship building (同)Nippon, Nihon
coat with a lacquer, as done in Japan
lacquer with a durable glossy black finish, originally from the orient
lacquerware decorated and varnished in the Japanese manner with a glossy durable black lacquer
(offensive slang) offensive term for a person of Japanese descent (同)Nip

PrepTutorEJDIC

《所有・所属》…『の』,…のものである,…に属する・《材料・要素》…『でできた』,から成る・《部分》…『の』[『中の』] ・《数量・単位・種類を表す名詞に付いて》…の・《原因・動機》…『で』,のために(because of) ・《主格関係》…『の』,による,によって・《目的格関係》…『を』,の・《同格関係》…『という』・《関係・関連》…『についての』[『の』],の点で・《抽象名詞などと共に》…の[性質をもつ] ・《『It is』+『形』+『of』+『名』+『to』 doの形で,ofの後の名詞を意味上の主語として》・《分離》…『から』・《起原・出所》…『から』[『の』](out of) ・《『名』+『of』+『a』(『an』)+『名』の形で》…のような・《『名』+『of』+『mine』(『yours, his』など独立所有格)の形で》…の…・《時》(1)《副詞句を作って》…に《形容詞句を作って》…の・《時刻》《米》…前(to,《米》before)
ビールス,ろ過性病原体
『日本』
黒い漆(うるし);漆器(しっき) / …‘に'黒漆を塗る

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/13 21:31:15」(JST)

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Sendai virus (SeV), previously also known as murine parainfluenza virus type 1 or hemagglutinating virus of Japan (HVJ), is a negative sense, single-stranded RNA virus of the family Paramyxoviridae,^[1] a group of viruses featuring, notably, the genera Morbillivirus and Rubulavirus. SeV is a member of genus Respirovirus, members of which primarily infect mammals.^[2]

SeV is responsible for a highly transmissible respiratory tract infection in mice, hamsters, guinea pigs, rats, and occasionally pigs, with infection passing through both air and direct contact routes. The virus can be detected in mouse colonies worldwide, generally in suckling to young adult mice. Epizootic infections of mice are usually associated with a high mortality rate, while enzootic disease patterns suggest that the virus is latent and can be cleared over the course of a year.^[1] Sublethal exposure to SeV can promote long-lasting immunity to further lethal doses of SeV.^[3]

A novel and well-recognized use for SeV is the fusion of eukaryotic cells, especially to produce hybridoma cells capable of manufacturing monoclonal antibodies in large quantities.

Diagnosis and Prophylaxis

SeV induces lesions within the respiratory tract, usually associated with bacterial inflammation of the trachea and lung (tracheitis and bronchopneumonia, respectively). However, the lesions are limited, and aren't indicative solely of SeV infection. Detection, therefore, makes use of SeV-specific antigens in several serological methods, including ELISA, immunofluorescence, and hemagglutination assays, with particular emphasis on use of the ELISA for its high sensitivity (unlike the hemagglutination assay) and its fairly early detection (unlike the immunofluorescence assay).^[4]

In a natural setting, the respiratory infection of Sendai virus in mice is acute. From the extrapolation of the infection of laboratory mice, the presence of the virus may first be detected in the lungs 48 to 72 hours following exposure. As the virus replicates in the respiratory tract of an infected mouse, the concentration of the virus grows most quickly during the third day of infection. After that, the growth of the virus is slower but consistent. Typically, the peak concentration of the virus is on the sixth or seventh day, and rapid decline follows that by the ninth day. A fairly vigorous immune response mounted against the virus is the cause of this decline. The longest period of detected presence of the virus in a mouse lung is fourteen days after infection.^[5]

Eaton et al. advises that, when controlling an outbreak of SeV, disinfecting the laboratory environment and vaccinating the breeders, as well as eliminating infected animals and screening incoming animals, should clear the problem very quickly. Imported animals should be vaccinated with SeV and placed in quarantine, while, in the laboratory environment, breeding programs should be discontinued, and the non-breeding adults isolated for two months.^[6]

Symptoms

Sneezing
Hunched posture
Respiratory distress
Porphyrin discharge from eyes and/or nose
Lethargy
Failure to thrive in surviving babies and young rats
Anorexia

Sendai Fusion

One recognized feature of the Sendai virus, shared with members of its genus, is the ability to induce syncytia formation in vitro in eukaryotic colonies. The mechanism for this process is fairly well understood and is very similar to the fusion process employed by the virion to facilitate cellular entry. The activities of the receptor binding hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein is solely responsible for inducing close interaction between the virus envelope and the cellular membrane.

However, it is the F protein (one of many membrane fusion proteins) that, when triggered by local dehydration^[7] and a conformation change in the bound HN protein,^[8] actively inserts into the cellular membrane, which causes the envelope and the membrane to merge, followed shortly by virion entry. When the HN and F protein are manufactured by the cell and expressed on the surface, the same process may occur between adjacent cells, causing extensive membrane fusion and resulting in the formation of a syncytium.^[9]

This behavior of SeV was utilized by Köhler and Milstein, who published an article in 1975 outlining a revolutionary method of manufacturing monoclonal antibodies. In need of a reliable method to produce large quantities of a specific antibody, the two merged a monoclonal B cell, exposed to a chosen antigen, and a myeloma tumor cell to produce hybridomas, capable of being grown indefinitely and of producing significant amounts of an antibody specifically targeting the chosen antigen. Though more efficient methods of creating such hybrids have since been found, Köhler and Milstein first used Sendai virus to create their revolutionary cells.^[10]

References

^ ^a ^b Faísca, P; Desmecht D (Mar 8, 2006). "Sendai virus, the mouse parainfluenza type 1: a longstanding pathogen that remains up-to-date.". Res Vet Sci. 82 (1): 115–25. doi:10.1016/j.rvsc.2006.03.009. PMID 16759680.
^ "Paramyxoviridae". International Union of Microbiological Societies, Virology Division. Reviewed on July 15, 2005. Retrieved 2007-06-13. Check date values in: |date= (help)
^ López, CB; Yount JS; Hermesh T; Moran TM (May 2006). "Sendai Virus Infection Induces Efficient Adaptive Immunity Independently of Type I Interferons.". J Virol. 80 (9): 4538–45. doi:10.1128/JVI.80.9.4538-4545.2006. PMC 1472017. PMID 16611914.
^ Kraft, V; Meyer B (June 1986). "Diagnosis of murine infections in relation to test methods employed.". Lab Anim Sci. 36 (3): 271–6. PMID 3014210.
^ Fox, James G. (2007). The Mouse in Biomedical Research, 2nd Edition. Burlington: Academic Press. pp. 281–309.
^ Eaton, GJ; Lerro A; Custer RP; Crane AR (August 1982). "Eradication of Sendai pneumonitis from a conventional mouse colony.". Lab Anim Sci. 32 (4): 384–6. PMID 6292576.
^ Hoekstra, D; Klapper K; Hoff H; Nir S (April 1989). "Mechanism of fusion of Sendai virus: role of hydrophobic interactions and mobility constraints of viral membrane protein.". J Biol Chem. 264 (12): 6786–92. PMID 2540161.
^ Takimoto, T; Taylor GL; Connaris HC; Crennell SJ; Portner A (December 2002). "Role of the hemagglutinin-neuraminidase protein in the mechanism of paramyxovirus-cell membrane fusion.". J Virol. 76 (24): 13028–33. doi:10.1128/JVI.76.24.13028-13033.2002. PMC 136693. PMID 12438628.
^ Novick, SL; Hoekstra D (October 1988). "Membrane penetration of Sendai virus glycoproteins during the early stages of fusion with liposomes as determined by hydrophobic photoaffinity labeling.". Proc Natl Acad Sci USA. 85 (20): 7433–7. doi:10.1073/pnas.85.20.7433. PMC 282205. PMID 2845406.
^ Köhler, G; Milstein C (August 1975). "Continuous cultures of fused cells secreting antibody of predefined specificity.". Nature. 256 (5): 495–497. doi:10.1038/256495a0. PMID 1172191.

Simon, AY; Moritoh, K; Torigoe, D; Asano, A; Sasaki, N; Agui, T (Dec 2009). "Multigenic control of resistance to Sendai virus infection in mice". Infect Genet Evol. 9 (6): 1253–9. doi:10.1016/j.meegid.2009.08.011. PMID 19733691.

External links

Sendai Virus (Data sheet on the Sendai Virus from the University of Illinois)
Implications of infectious agents (Working party report describing the impact of various agents on animal experiments)

UpToDate Contents

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3. 遺伝子1型慢性C型肝炎ウイルスの治療におけるテラプレビルおよびボセプレビルの研究 studies of telaprevir and boceprevir in the treatment of chronic hepatitis c virus genotype 1
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