helpful

• adj.

• 助けになる、役立つ、有用な、便利な、重宝な

関

avail、available、beneficial、help、informative、instrumental、of use、salutary、serve、serviceable、subserve、useful、valuable

　 　

WordNet

1. providing assistance or serving a useful function
2. put the ball into play; "It was Agassis turn to serve"
3. (sports) a stroke that puts the ball in play; "his powerful serves won the game" (同)service
4. work for or be a servant to; "May I serve you?"; "She attends the old lady in the wheelchair"; "Can you wait on our table, please?"; "Is a salesperson assisting you?"; "The minister served the King for many years" (同)attend_to, wait on, attend, assist
5. spend time in prison or in a labor camp; "He did six years for embezzlement" (同)do
6. serve a purpose, role, or function; "The tree stump serves as a table"; "The female students served as a control group"; "This table would serve very well"; "His freedom served him well"; "The table functions as a desk" (同)function
7. help to some food; help with food or drink; "I served him three times, and after that he helped himself" (同)help
8. deliver a warrant or summons to someone; "He was processed by the sheriff" (同)process, swear out
9. provide (usually but not necessarily food); "We serve meals for the homeless"; "She dished out the soup at 8 P.M."; "The entertainers served up a lively show" (同)serve up, dish out, dish up, dish
10. promote, benefit, or be useful or beneficial to; "Art serves commerce"; "Their interests are served"; "The lake serves recreation"; "The Presidents wisdom has served the country well" (同)serve well
11. mate with; "male animals serve the females for breeding purposes" (同)service
12. contribute or conduce to; "The scandal served to increase his popularity"
13. devote (part of) ones life or efforts to, as of countries, institutions, or ideas; "She served the art of music"; "He served the church"; "serve the country"
14. do duty or hold offices; serve in a specific function; "He served as head of the department for three years"; "She served in Congress for two terms"
15. do military service; "She served in Vietnam"; "My sons never served, because they are short-sighted"
16. contribute to the furtherance of; "This money will help the development of literacy in developing countries"
17. improve the condition of; "These pills will help the patient" (同)aid
18. improve; change for the better; "New slipcovers will help the old living room furniture"
19. give help or assistance; be of service; "Everyone helped out during the earthquake"; "Can you help me carry this table?"; "She never helps around the house" (同)assist, aid
20. be of use; "This will help to prevent accidents" (同)facilitate
21. obtainable or accessible and ready for use or service; "kept a fire extinguisher available"; "much information is available through computers"; "available in many colors"; "the list of available candidates is unusually long"
22. not busy; not otherwise committed; "he was not available for comment"; "he was available and willing to accompany her" (同)uncommitted
23. convenient for use or disposal; "the house is available after July 1"; "2000 square feet of usable office space" (同)usable, useable
24. a means of serving; "of no avail"; "theres no help for it" (同)help, service
25. use to ones advantage; "He availed himself of the available resources"
26. take or use; "She helped herself to some of the office supplies" (同)help
27. be of use to, be useful to; "It will avail them to dispose of their booty"
28. having great material or monetary value especially for use or exchange; "a valuable diamond"
29. something of value; "all our valuables were stolen"
30. having worth or merit or value; "a valuable friend"; "a good and worthful man" (同)worthful
31. in an unhelpful manner; "he stood by unhelpfully while the house burned down"
32. in a helpful manner; "the subtitles are helpfully conveyed"
33. the property of providing useful assistance
34. an inability to be helpful

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 『助けになる』,役に伝つ
2. 〈人が〉〈人〉‘に'『仕える』,‘の'役に立つ;〈社会など〉‘に'尽くす / 〈神・君主など〉‘に'仕える,服従する / (公職・兵役などで)〈ある期間〉‘を'『勤める』,〈判決・刑罰など〉‘に'『服する』 / 〈要求など〉‘を'満たす,〈目的など〉‘に'かなう / 〈物が〉(…として)〈人〉‘の'役に立つ《+『名』〈人〉+『as』(『for』)+『名』》 / 〈食事・飲物など〉‘を'出す,〈人〉‘に'配膳する / (規則的にまたは引き続いて)(…を)…‘に'供給する《+『名』+『with』+『名』》 / (テニス・バレーなどで)〈ボール〉‘を'サーブする / (人に)〈令状など〉‘を'送達する《+『名』+『on』+『名』〈人〉》;(令状などを)〈人〉‘に'送達する《+『名』〈人〉+『with』+『名』》 / (また『service』)〈動物が〉…‘と'交尾する / (…として…のもとで)『仕える』,勤務する《+『under』(『at, on』)+『名』+『as』+『名』》 / 『役立つ』,利用できる / 『給仕をする』,食事をすすめる / 〈天候・時間などが〉都合がよい / (テニスなどで)ボールをサーブする / (テニスなどの)サープ[の番],サープの仕方
3. 《しばしば副詞〈句〉を伴って》〈人が〉〈人〉を『手伝う』,『助ける』,の役に立つ / 〈物事が〉〈人・事〉‘に'役立つ,‘を'よくするのに役立つ / …‘を'救う,助ける,救助する / 〈料理など〉‘を'盛り分ける / (料理などを)〈人〉‘に'よそってあげる,ついでやる《+『名』+『to』+『名』》 / 《cannotと共に》…‘を'避ける,防ぐ;…‘を'がまんする,こらえる / 〈人が〉(…を)助ける,手伝う《+『with』+『名』(do『ing』)》 / 〈物事が〉役立つ,助けになる / 〈U〉『助け』,援助,助力;救助 / 〈C〉(…にとって)助けとなるもの(人),役立つもの(人)《+『to』+『名』》 / 〈C〉雇い人,使用人,な手伝い;《米》《集合的に》家政婦 / 〈U〉『救済手段』,防止策
4. 『利用できる』,『役に立つ』 / (品物・情報などが)『手にはいる』 / (人が)手があいている,暇である / (法律が)効力のある;《英》(切符など)有効な
5. 《通例否定文に用いて》(…に)『役に立つ』,用が足りる《+『with』+『名』》 / 〈人〉‘に'役立つ,'を'利する / 《文》利益,効用
6. (金銭的に)『価値のある』,高価な / 役に立つ,有益な,貴重な / (身の回り品・宝石などの)貴重品

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/03/06 21:11:28」(JST)

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[Wiki en表示]

In social psychology, the everyday concept of helpfulness is the property of providing useful assistance; or friendliness evidenced by a kindly and helpful disposition.

For many years, social psychologists have been searching for answers to these questions:

• Why, and when, will people help?
• Who will help?
• What can be done to lessen indifference and increase helping?

Introduction

Rewards: Rewards can be internal or external. Internal rewards are rewards that increase our sense of self-worth. There are many different negative emotions that people try to reduce by performing good deeds. For example, people will do whatever can be done to expunge guilt, relieve their bad feelings, and restore their self-image (Meyers, 446). Being helpful helps to achieve these goals and can even offset other negative moods.

Feel Bad-Do Good Scenario: This effect states that those who feel bad for another person in a situation will be more likely to help compared to a person who feels bad for themselves in that situation. For example, a study was performed that had people imagine that their best friend had cancer. In this study, the researchers examined people's attention to grief. Those that were focused on the worries of the best friend were those that were more helpful compared to the people who had more selfish worries such as " I will have to act happy when really I am sad about my friends situation" (Meyers, 447).

Feel Good, Do Good Scenario: This scenario states that people who are in a good mood are more helpful. Thus, helping people enhances that positive feeling which creates positive thoughts and positive self-esteem.

Why Do People Help?

Several theories of helping agree that, in the long run, helping behavior benefits the giver as well as the receiver. One explanation involves actions guided by "social economics". This action is called the social exchange theory. It states that human interactions are transactions that aim to maximize one's rewards and minimize one's costs. We exchange not only material goods and money but also social goods - love, services, information status (Foa & Foa, 1975).

• Arousal: Cost-Reward Model. The arousal: cost-reward model suggests that people feel upset when they see a person in need and are motivated to do something to reduce the unpleasant arousal. People then weigh the costs of helping versus not helping. The clearer the need for help, the more likely people are to help. The presence of others inhibits helping behavior due to diffusion of responsibility, a belief that someone else will help. Environmental and personality characteristics also influence helping.
• Empathy-Altruism Theory. According to the empathy-altruism theory, helpfulness is seen in those who have empathy with the person in need.
• Evolutionary Theory. Evolutionary theories propose that people help others to ensure the survival of their genes, at the risk of endangering themselves. There are two specific types of helping in the Evolutionary Theory. One is kin protection, which claims that devotion goes to one's children before themselves. The other is reciprocity, which has the same components of the reciprocity norm. Basically, if you help someone, they will return the favor.
• The Reciprocity Norm. An expectation that people will help, not hurt, those who have helped them.
• Social Responsibility Norm. An expectation that people will help those needing help.

When Will People Help?

Circumstances that inhibit or enhance helpfulness include:

• Number of bystanders. The bystander effect states that victims are less likely to get help when many people are around (Latane & Darley, 1975).
• Helping when someone else does. People are more likely to help others if they have just observed someone else modeling that specific helping behavior, e.g. Los Angeles drivers offering help to a female driver with a flat tire (Bryan & Test, 1967), New Jersey Christmas shoppers dropping money in a Salvation Army kettle (Bryan & Test, 1967), British adults donating blood (Rushton & Campbell, 1977).
• Time pressures. People leisurely on their way to an unimportant appointment usually stopped to help, but those late for an important date seldom stopped (Batson et al., 1978).
• Similarity. People are more empathetic and helpful toward those similar to them (Miller et al., 2001), e.g. in dress (Emswiller et al., 1971; Gary et al., 1991), in race (Benson et al., 1976; Clark, 1974; Sissons, 1981), in beliefs (Myers, 2005).

Who Will Help?

• Personality traits. People high in positive emotionality, empathy, and self-efficacy are most likely to be concerned and helpful (Bierhoff et al., 1991; Eisenberg et al., 1991; Krueger et al., 2001). Those high in self-monitoring are attuned to others' expectations and are therefore helpful if they think helpfulness will be socially rewarded (White & Gerstein, 1987).
• Religious faith. People who rate religion as "important" are more likely to report working among the needy (Colasanto, 1989; Wuthnow, 1994; Deuser & DeNeve, 1995), to campaign for social justice (Benson et al., 1980; Hansen et al., 1995; Penner, 2002), and to give away higher percent of their incomes (Hodgkinson et al., 1990, 1992), especially over the long-term (Myers, 2005). Furthermore, they are likely to give money to missionary causes, rather than secular, objective organizations that have no motive of religious conversion.

Whom to Help?

• Victims of disaster, crime, and poverty
• People who are worse-off than the helper (to varying degree)

How To Increase Helping?

Research studies by social scientists have suggested that the following factors can help to increase helping:

• Reduce ambiguity, increasing responsibility. Personal appeals for help are much more effective than posters and media announcements (Jason et al., 1984). Nonverbal appeals can also be effective when they are personalized (Snder et al., 1974; Omoto & Snyder, 2002). So does reduction of anonymity (Solomon & Solomon, 1978; Solomon et al., 1981).
• Guilt and concern for self-image. People who have been reprimanded for their transgressions are more likely to offer help than those who have not been reprimanded (Katzev, 1978). People who have given door-in-the-face responses are likely to agree to a smaller and more reasonable request (Cialdini et al., 1975). Labeling people as helpful can also increase helpful contributions (Kraut, 1973).
• Teaching moral inclusion. Broadening the range of people whose well-being concerns us (Batson, 1983) and inviting advantaged people to put themselves in others' shoes, to imagine how they feel (Batson et al., 2003), helps.
• Modeling altruism. It's better not to publicize rampant tax cheating, littering and teen drinking, and instead to emphasize - to define a norm of - people's widespread honesty, cleanliness, and abstinence (Cialdini et al., 2003). Norms for generosity could perhaps be cultivated by simply including a new line on tax forms that requires people to compute - and thus to know - their annual donations as a percentage of income (Ayres & Nalebuff, 2003). Modeling effects were also apparent within the families of European Christians who risked their lives to rescue Jews in the 1930s and 1940s and of 1950s (London, 1970; Oliner & Oliner, 1988; Rosenhan, 1970; Staub, 1989,1991,1992).

References

• Bernstein, Penner, Stewart & Roy. Psychology, Sixth Edition (Online outlines). Houghton Mifflin.
• Myers, D. (2005). Social Psychology. 8th ed. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
• Yang, F., & Chang, W. (2010). The effects of mood and objective self-awareness on helping intention and helping behavior. Bulletin of Educational Psychology, 42(2), 339-358. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
• Nadler, A. (2010). Interpersonal and intergroup helping relations as power relations: Implications for real-world helping. In S. Stürmer, M. Snyder, S. Stürmer, M. Snyder (Eds.), The psychology of prosocial behavior: Group processes, intergroup relations, and helping (pp. 269–287). Wiley-Blackwell. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
• Stürmer, S., & Snyder, M. (2010). Helping 'us' versus 'them': Towards a group-level theory of helping and altruism within and across group boundaries. In S. Stürmer, M. Snyder, S. Stürmer, M. Snyder (Eds.), The psychology of prosocial behavior: Group processes, intergroup relations, and helping (pp. 33–58). Wiley-Blackwell. Retrieved from EBSCOhost.
• Law, B. F., & Shek, D. L. (2011). Validation of the cultural influence on helping scale among Chinese adolescents. Research on Social Work Practice, 21(2), 212-221. doi:10.1177/1049731510379817
• Poulin, M. J., Brown, S. L., Ubel, P. A., Smith, D. M., Jankovic, A., & Langa, K. M. (2010). Does a helping hand mean a heavy heart? Helping behavior and well-being among spouse caregivers. Psychology and Aging, 25(1), 108-117. doi:10.1037/a0018064

See also

• Altruism
• Bystander effect
• Diffusion of responsibility
• Guilt
• Little Miss Helpful
• Moral inclusion
• Obedience
• Self-image

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Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「help」「serve」「useful」「available」「instrumental」
拡張検索	「unhelpful」

「help」

　　[★]

• vt.

• 助力/援助する、助ける、救う。手伝う。手伝って～させる。(rflx)必要なことを自分でする。困難を切り抜ける。(～ sbに副詞(句)を伴って)助けて～させる
• (～の状態を)よくする、改善する
• 促進する、助長する。～の助けとなる
• (can(not ～ it (doing sth)で)避ける(prevent)、制する、抑える、禁ずる
• (人に食べ物などを)取ってやる、酌をする、勧める(to)

• vi.
• n.

関

aid, assist, assistance, avail, available, helpful, instrumental, serve, serviceable, subserve, support, useful, valuable

　 　 　 　 　 　

「serve」

　　[★]

• v.

(任務を)果たす、役立つ、貢献する、勤める、奉仕する

関

achieve、attain、avail、available、conducive、contribute、contribution、fulfill、help、helpful、instrumental、play、serviceable、subserve、useful、valuable

　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　 　

「useful」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 有用な、役立つ、便利な、有益な、有意義な

関

avail, available, beneficial, convenient, conveniently, help, helpful, informative, instrumental, meaningful, of use, salutary, serve, serviceable, subserve, usefully, valuable, worthwhile

　 　

「available」

　　[★]

• 入手可能な、利用可能な、利用できる、有用な、役立つ

関

accessible、affordable、avail、help、helpful、instrumental、obtainable、of use、serve、serviceable、subserve、useful、usefully、valuable

　 　 　 　

「instrumental」

　　[★]

• adj.

• 機器の、手段になる、役立つ

関

avail、available、avenue、equipment、gateway、help、helpful、instrument、mean、means、policy、serve、serviceable、subserve、tool、useful、valuable

　 　

「unhelpful」

　　[★]

• 役に立たない

関

useless