WordNet

a project of personal concern to someone; "this project is his baby"
a very young mammal; "baby rabbits"
a very young child (birth to 1 year) who has not yet begun to walk or talk; "the baby began to cry again"; "she held the baby in her arms"; "it sounds simple, but when you have your own baby it is all so different" (同)babe, infant
(slang) sometimes used as a term of address for attractive young women (同)babe, sister
an unborn child; a human fetus; "I felt healthy and very feminine carrying the baby"; "it was great to feel my baby moving about inside"
the youngest member of a group (not necessarily young); "the baby of the family"; "the baby of the Supreme Court"
United States botanist who specialized in North American flora and who was an early supporter of Darwins theories of evolution (1810-1888) (同)Asa Gray
English radiobiologist in whose honor the gray (the SI unit of energy for the absorbed dose of radiation) was named (1905-1965) (同)Louis Harold Gray
American navigator who twice circumnavigated the globe and who discovered the Columbia River (1755-1806) (同)Robert Gray
English poet best known for his elegy written in a country churchyard (1716-1771) (同)Thomas Gray
the SI unit of energy absorbed from ionizing radiation; equal to the absorption of one joule of radiation energy by one kilogram of matter; one gray equals 100 rad (同)Gy
a neutral achromatic color midway between white and black (同)grayness, grey, greyness
a pattern of symptoms indicative of some disease
a complex of concurrent things; "every word has a syndrome of meanings"

PrepTutorEJDIC

『赤ん坊,赤ちゃん』 / (家族・グループの中で)いちばん年少の人,最年少者 / 赤ん坊みたいな人 / (また『babe』)《米俗》《特に若い女の子への呼びかけた用いて》かわいこちゃん / 赤ん坊の[ような],赤ちゃん用の / 《話》…'を'赤ちゃんのように扱う,甘やかす
(疾患の徴候となる一群の)症徴候,症候群 / (事件・社会的状態などのパターンを示す)徴候形態

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/01/22 00:50:44」(JST)

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Gray baby syndrome (also termed Gray or Grey syndrome) is a rare but serious side effect that occurs in newborn infants (especially premature babies) following the intravenous administration of the antimicrobial chloramphenicol.^[1]

Signs and symptoms

Toxic levels of chloramphenicol after 2–9 days result in:

Vomiting
Ashen gray color of the skin
Limp body tone
Hypotension (low blood pressure)
Cyanosis blue discolouration of lips and skin.
Hypothermia
Cardiovascular collapse

Pathophysiology

Two pathophysiologic mechanisms are thought to play a role in the development of gray baby syndrome after exposure to the anti-microbial drug chloramphenicol. This condition is due to a lack of glucuronidation reactions occurring in the baby, thus leading to an accumulation of toxic chloramphenicol metabolites. :^[2]

The UDP-glucuronyl transferase enzyme system of infants, especially premature infants, is immature and incapable of metabolizing the excessive drug load.
Insufficient renal excretion of the unconjugated drug.

Due to these two reasons the chloramphenicol level in blood is increased, at higher concentration chloramphenicol blocks electron transport in the liver, myocardium, and skeletal muscles, resulting the above symptoms.

Prevention

The condition can be prevented by using chloramphenicol at the recommended doses and monitoring blood levels,^[3]^[4]^[5] or alternatively, third generation cephalosporins can be effectively substituted for the drug, without the associated toxicity.^[6]

Treatment

Chloramphenicol therapy should be stopped immediately. Exchange transfusion may be required to remove the drug. Sometimes, phenobarbital (UGT induction) is used.

References

^ McIntyre J, Choonara I (2004). "Drug toxicity in the neonate.". Biol Neonate 86 (4): 218–21. doi:10.1159/000079656. PMID 15249753.
^ Brunton, Laurence L.; Lazo, John S.; Parker, Keith, eds. (2005). "Chapter 46. Protein Synthesis Inhibitors and Miscellaneous Antibacterial Agents". Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics (11th ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill. ISBN 0-07-142280-3.
^ Feder H (1986). "Chloramphenicol: what we have learned in the last decade.". South Med J 79 (9): 1129–34. doi:10.1097/00007611-198609000-00022. PMID 3529436.
^ Mulhall A, de Louvois J, Hurley R (1 January 1983). "Chloramphenicol toxicity in neonates: its incidence and prevention". British medical journal (Clinical research ed.) 287 (6403): 1424–7. doi:10.1136/bmj.287.6403.1424. PMC 1549666. PMID 6416440.
^ Forster J, Hufschmidt C, Niederhoff H, Künzer W (1985). "[Need for the determination of chloramphenicol levels in the treatment of bacterial-purulent meningitis with chloramphenicol succinate in infants and small children]". Monatsschr Kinderheilkd 133 (4): 209–13. PMID 4000136.
^ Aggarwal, R; Sarkar, N; Deorari, AK; Paul, VK (Dec 2001). "Sepsis in the newborn" (PDF). Indian journal of pediatrics 68 (12): 1143–1147. doi:10.1007/BF02722932. PMID 11838570.

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