WordNet

transfer to another; of rights or property; "Our house passed under his official control"
a bad or difficult situation or state of affairs (同)strait, straits
(military) a written leave of absence; "he had a pass for three days"
(American football) a play that involves one player throwing the ball to a teammate; "the coach sent in a passing play on third and long" (同)passing play, passing game, passing
(sports) the act of throwing the ball to another member of your team; "the pass was fumbled" (同)toss, flip
a flight or run by an aircraft over a target; "the plane turned to make a second pass"
a difficult juncture; "a pretty pass"; "matters came to a head yesterday" (同)head, straits
a document indicating permission to do something without restrictions; "the media representatives had special passes" (同)laissez passer
a permit to enter or leave a military installation; "he had to show his pass in order to get out" (同)liberty chit
the location in a range of mountains of a geological formation that is lower than the surrounding peaks; "we got through the pass before it started to snow" (同)mountain pass, notch
any authorization to pass or go somewhere; "the pass to visit had a strict time limit" (同)passport
a complimentary ticket; "the star got passes for his family"
one complete cycle of operations (as by a computer); "it was not possible to complete the computation in a single pass"
go unchallenged; be approved; "The bill cleared the House" (同)clear
go across or through; "We passed the point where the police car had parked"; "A terrible thought went through his mind" (同)go_through, go across
place into the hands or custody of; "hand me the spoon, please"; "Turn the files over to me, please"; "He turned over the prisoner to his lawyers" (同)hand, reach, pass_on, turn_over, give
go successfully through a test or a selection process; "She passed the new Jersey Bar Exam and can practice law now" (同)make it
cause to pass; "She passed around the plates" (同)make pass
travel past; "The sports car passed all the trucks" (同)overtake, overhaul
accept or judge as acceptable; "The teacher passed the student although he was weak"
allow to go without comment or censure; "the insult passed as if unnoticed"
throw (a ball) to another player; "Smith passed"
preceding all others in time or space or degree; "the first house on the right"; "the first day of spring"; "his first political race"; "her first baby"; "the first time"; "the first meetings of the new party"; "the first phase of his training"
the first or highest in an ordering or series; "He wanted to be the first" (同)number_one
the first element in a countable series; "the first of the month" (同)number_one, number 1
an honours degree of the highest class (同)first-class honours degree
indicating the beginning unit in a series (同)1st
before anything else; "first we must consider the garter snake" (同)firstly, foremost, first of all, first off
the initial time; "when Felix first saw a garter snake" (同)for_the_first_time
ranking above all others; "was first in her class"; "the foremost figure among marine artists"; "the top graduate" (同)foremost, world-class
before another in time, space, or importance; "I was here first"; "lets do this job first"
highest in pitch or chief among parts or voices or instruments or orchestra sections; "first soprano"; "the first violin section"; "played first horn"
act so as to bring into existence; "effect a change"
a symptom caused by an illness or a drug; "the effects of sleep loss"; "the effect of the anesthetic"
(of a law) having legal validity; "the law is still in effect" (同)force
the central meaning or theme of a speech or literary work (同)essence, burden, core, gist
an impression (especially one that is artificial or contrived); "he just did it for effect"
produce; "The scientists set up a shock wave" (同)effectuate, set_up
allowing you to pass (e.g., an examination or inspection) satisfactorily; "a passing grade"
going by something that is moving in order to get in front of it; "she drove but well but her reckless passing of every car on the road frightened me" (同)overtaking
success in satisfying a test or requirement; "his future depended on his passing that test"; "he got a pass in introductory chemistry" (同)pass, qualifying
euphemistic expressions for death; "thousands mourned his passing" (同)loss, departure, exit, expiration, going, release
the motion of one object relative to another; "stellar passings can perturb the orbits of comets" (同)passage
the end of something; "the passing of winter"
of advancing the ball by throwing it; "a team with a good passing attack"; "a pass play" (同)pass
any of various evergreen trees of the genus Abies; chiefly of upland areas (同)fir_tree, true fir
nonresinous wood of a fir tree

PrepTutorEJDIC

『通り過ぎる』,通る / 〈時間が〉『過ぎる』,過ぎ去る / 〈交通機関・道などが〉通っている / 消え去る,なくなる:《遠回しに》死ぬ / (障害・試験などで)『通過する』,『合格する』 / 〈法案などが〉通過する,可決される / 〈事が〉起こる / 移る,変わる / 〈言葉などが〉交わされる,やりとりされる / (…として)通用する《+『as』(『for』)+『名』》 / (球技で)パスする / (カードゲームで)パスする,自分の番を見送る / …‘を'『通り過ぎる』,‘の'そばを通る / 〈試験など〉‘に'『合格する』;〈人〉‘を'『合格させる』 / …‘を'『手渡す』,回す;…‘を'伝える / …‘を'『通過させる』,動かす / 〈ある点・程度など〉‘を'『越える』;〈歩行者・車など〉‘を'『追い抜く』 / 〈時〉‘を'『過ごす』;…‘を'経験する / 〈法案など〉‘を'『通す』;〈法案などが〉〈議会など〉‘を'通過する / (…に対して)〈判決・批評など〉‘を'下す,述べる《+『名』+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈ボール・パック〉‘を'味方の選手に送る,パスする / 出入許可[証];無料入場券;(鉄道などの)[フリー]パス / (試験の)合格,及第 / 山道,峠;細道,抜け道 / 《話》《a~》困った状況,危機 / (奇術・ふき掃除などの)手の動き,手つき / (球技で)送球,パス;(野球で)四球による出塁 / (カードゲームで)パス
(順序・時間的に)『第1の』,1番目の;最初の / (階級・等級・重要度などが)『1番の』,第一級の,首席の,最も重要な / 『最初に』,まっ先に;1番目に,第1位に;初めて / (…するくらいなら)むしろ,いっそ(…のほうがいい)(rather, sooner) / 《通例the~》『最初のもの』;(月の)第1日;(時代の)第1年 / 《通例the~》初め,始まり / 〈U〉ファーストギヤ,低速ギヤ / 〈C〉《英》(競技などの)第1位,1等(試験の)第一級 / 《複数形で》最高級品,一級品 / 〈U〉=first base
〈C〉〈U〉『結果』 / 〈C〉〈U〉(…への)『効果』,効きめ,影響《+『on』(『upon』)+『名』》 / 〈C〉(色・音・形などの)印象,感銘 / 《複数形で》品物;身の回り品;動産,財産 / (結果として)…‘を'『もたらす』;〈目的など〉‘を'果たす,遂行する
通過しつつある;過ぎて行く / 当座の;長続きしない / ふとした,偶然の / 合格の / 〈U〉(…が)通ること;過ぎ去ること《+『of』+『名』》 / 〈C〉通行の方法(場所);浅瀬 / 〈U〉(…の)終わり;死《+『of』+『名』》
たいへん,非常に
モミ,モミの木(クリスマスツリーに用いられる) / モミ材

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/04/03 10:06:08」(JST)

wiki en

The first-pass effect (also known as first-pass metabolism or presystemic metabolism) is a phenomenon of drug metabolism whereby the concentration of a drug is greatly reduced before it reaches the systemic circulation.^[1]^[2] It is the fraction of lost drug during the process of absorption which is generally related to the liver and gut wall. Notable drugs that experience a significant first-pass effect are imipramine, morphine, propranolol, buprenorphine, diazepam, midazolam, demerol, cimetidine, and lidocaine.

After a drug is swallowed, it is absorbed by the digestive system and enters the hepatic portal system. It is carried through the portal vein into the liver before it reaches the rest of the body. The liver metabolizes many drugs, sometimes to such an extent that only a small amount of active drug emerges from the liver to the rest of the circulatory system. This first pass through the liver thus greatly reduces the bioavailability of the drug. Alternative routes of administration like suppository, intravenous, intramuscular, inhalational aerosol, transdermal and sublingual avoid the first-pass effect because they allow drugs to be absorbed directly into the systemic circulation. Note that the intravenous route also avoids the absorption phase.

The four primary systems that affect the first pass effect of a drug are the enzymes of the gastrointestinal lumen, gut wall enzymes, bacterial enzymes, and hepatic enzymes.

In drug design, drug candidates may have good druglikeness but fail on first-pass metabolism, because it is biochemically selective.

References

^ Rowland, Malcolm (1972). "Influence of route of administration on drug availability". Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences 61 (1): 70–74. doi:10.1002/jps.2600610111. ISSN 0022-3549.
^ Pond, Susan M.; Tozer, Thomas N. (1984). "First-Pass Elimination". Clinical Pharmacokinetics 9 (1): 1–25. doi:10.2165/00003088-198409010-00001. ISSN 0312-5963.

External links

National Library of Medicine, Toxicology Tutor II, Influence of Route of Exposure
University of Nottingham School of Nursing, Reusable Learning Objects--Understanding First Pass Metabolism

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