Iron(II) sulfate
|
|
| Names |
| IUPAC name
Iron(II) sulfate
|
| Other names
Ferrous sulfate, Green vitriol, Iron vitriol, Copperas, Melanterite, Szomolnokite
|
| Identifiers |
|
CAS Registry Number
|
7720-78-7 (anhydrous) Y
17375-41-6 (monohydrate) N
7782-63-0 (heptahydrate) N |
| ATC code |
B03AA07 |
| ChEBI |
CHEBI:75832 N |
| ChEMBL |
ChEMBL1200830 N |
| ChemSpider |
22804 (anhydrous) Y
56459 (monohydrate) N
22804 (heptahydrate) N |
| EC number |
231-753-5 |
InChI
-
InChI=1S/Fe.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2 Y
Key: BAUYGSIQEAFULO-UHFFFAOYSA-L Y
-
InChI=1/Fe.H2O4S/c;1-5(2,3)4/h;(H2,1,2,3,4)/q+2;/p-2
Key: BAUYGSIQEAFULO-NUQVWONBAS
|
| Jmol-3D images |
Image |
| PubChem |
24393 (anhydrous)
62712 (monohydrate)
62662 (heptahydrate) |
| RTECS number |
NO8500000 (anhydrous)
NO8510000 (heptahydrate) |
|
|
| UNII |
2IDP3X9OUD (anhydrous) N
RIB00980VW (monohydrate) N
G0Z5449449 (dihydrate) N
39R4TAN1VT (heptahydrate) N |
| UN number |
3077 |
| Properties |
|
Chemical formula
|
FeO4S |
| Molar mass |
151.90 g·mol−1 |
| Appearance |
White crystals (anhydrous)
White-yellow crystals (monohydrate)
Blue-green crystals (heptahydrate) |
| Odor |
Odorless |
| Density |
3.65 g/cm3 (anhydrous)
3 g/cm3 (monohydrate)
2.15 g/cm3 (pentahydrate)[1]
1.934 g/cm3 (hexahydrate)[2]
1.895 g/cm3 (heptahydrate)[3] |
| Melting point |
680 °C (1,256 °F; 953 K)
(anhydrous) decomposes[5]
300 °C (572 °F; 573 K)
(monohydrate) decomposes
60–64 °C (140–147 °F; 333–337 K)
(heptahydrate) decomposes[3][10] |
|
Solubility in water
|
Monohydrate:
44.69 g/100 mL (77 °C)
35.97 g/100 mL (90.1 °C)
Heptahydrate:
15.65 g/100 mL (0 °C)
20.5 g/100 mL (10 °C)
29.51 g/100 mL (25 °C)
39.89 g/100 mL (40.1 °C)
51.35 g/100 mL (54 °C)[4] |
| Solubility |
Negligible in alcohol |
| Solubility in ethylene glycol |
6.4 g/100 g (20 °C)[5] |
| Vapor pressure |
1.95 kPa (heptahydrate)[6] |
|
Magnetic susceptibility (χ)
|
1.24·10−2 cm3/mol (anhydrous)
1.05·10−2 cm3/mol (monohydrate)
1.12·10−2 cm3/mol (heptahydrate)[3] |
|
Refractive index (nD)
|
1.591 (monohydrate)[7]
1.526–1.528 (21 °C, tetrahydrate)[8]
1.513–1.515 (pentahydrate)[1]
1.468 (hexahydrate)[2]
1.471 (heptahydrate)[9] |
| Structure |
|
Crystal structure
|
Orthorhombic, oP24 (anhydrous)[11]
Monoclinic, mS36 (monohydrate)[7]
Monoclinic, mP72 (tetrahydrate)[8]
Triclinic, aP42 (pentahydrate)[1]
Monoclinic, mS192 (hexahydrate)[2]
Monoclinic, mP108 (heptahydrate)[3][9] |
|
Space group
|
Pnma, No. 62 (anhydrous) [11]
C2/c, No. 15 (monohydrate, hexahydrate)[2][7]
P21/n, No. 14 (tetrahydrate)[8]
P1, No. 2 (pentahydrate)[1]
P21/c, No. 14 (heptahydrate)[9] |
|
Point group
|
2/m 2/m 2/m (anhydrous)[11]
2/m (monohydrate, tetrahydrate, hexahydrate, heptahydrate)[2][7][8][9]
1 (pentahydrate)[1] |
|
Lattice constant
|
a = 8.704(2) Å, b = 6.801(3) Å, c = 4.786(8) Å (293 K, anhydrous)[11]
α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 90°
|
|
Coordination geometry
|
Octahedral (Fe2+) |
| Thermochemistry |
|
Specific
heat capacity (C)
|
100.6 J/mol·K (anhydrous)[3]
394.5 J/mol·K (heptahydrate)[12] |
|
Std molar
entropy (So298)
|
107.5 J/mol·K (anhydrous)[3]
409.1 J/mol·K (heptahydrate)[12] |
|
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfHo298)
|
−928.4 kJ/mol (anhydrous)[3]
−3016 kJ/mol (heptahydrate)[12] |
|
Gibbs free energy (ΔfG˚)
|
−820.8 kJ/mol (anhydrous)[3]
−2512 kJ/mol (heptahydrate)[12] |
| Hazards |
| GHS pictograms |
[6] |
| GHS signal word |
Warning |
|
GHS hazard statements
|
H302, H315, H319[6] |
|
GHS precautionary statements
|
P305+351+338[6] |
| EU classification |
Xi Xn |
| R-phrases |
R22, R36/38 |
| S-phrases |
(S2), S46 |
| NFPA 704 |
|
| Lethal dose or concentration (LD, LC): |
|
LD50 (Median dose)
|
237 mg/kg (rat, oral)[10] |
| US health exposure limits (NIOSH): |
|
REL (Recommended)
|
TWA 1 mg/m3[13] |
| Related compounds |
|
Other cations
|
Cobalt(II) sulfate
Copper(II) sulfate
Manganese(II) sulfate
Nickel(II) sulfate |
|
Related compounds
|
Iron(III) sulfate |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
|
| N verify (what is: Y/N?) |
| Infobox references |
|
|
Iron(II) sulfate (British English: iron(II) sulphate) or ferrous sulfate is a salt with the formula FeSO4. It is used medically to treat iron deficiency, and also for industrial applications. Known since ancient times as copperas and as green vitriol, the blue-green heptahydrate is the most common form of this material. All iron sulfates dissolve in water to give the same aquo complex [Fe(H2O)6]2+, which has octahedral molecular geometry and is paramagnetic.
Contents
- 1 Hydrates
- 2 Production and reactions
- 3 Uses
- 3.1 Nutritional supplement
- 3.2 Colorant
- 3.3 Other uses
- 4 See also
- 5 References
- 6 External links
Hydrates
Iron(II) sulfate can be found in various states of hydration, and several of these forms exist in nature.
- FeSO4·H2O (mineral: Szomolnokite,[7] relatively rare)
- FeSO4·4H2O (mineral: Rozenite,[8] white, relatively common, may be dehydratation product of melanterite)
- FeSO4·5H2O (mineral: Siderotil,[1] relatively rare)
- FeSO4·6H2O (mineral: Ferrohexahydrite,[2] relatively rare)
- FeSO4·7H2O (mineral: Melanterite,[9] blue-green, relatively common)
Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate, Melanterite (FeSO
4·7H
2O)
The heptahydrate in solution (water as solvent) transforms to both heptahydrate and tetrahydrate when the temperature reaches 56.6 °C (133.9 °F). Then at 64.8 °C (148.6 °F) they form both tetrahydrate and monohydrate.[4]
All mentioned mineral forms are connected with oxidation zones of Fe-bearing ore beds (pyrite, marcasite, chalcopyrite, etc.) and related environments (like coal fire sites). Many undergo rapid dehydration and sometimes oxidation.
Iron(II) sulfate tetrahydrate, Rozenite (FeSO
4·4H
2O)
Production and reactions
In the finishing of steel prior to plating or coating, the steel sheet or rod is passed through pickling baths of sulfuric acid. This treatment produces large quantities of iron(II) sulfate as a by-product.[14]
- Fe + H2SO4 → FeSO4 + H2
Another source of large amounts results from the production of titanium dioxide from ilmenite via the sulfate process.
Ferrous sulfate is also prepared commercially by oxidation of pyrite:
- 2 FeS2 + 7 O2 + 2 H2O → 2 FeSO4 + 2 H2SO4
Reactions
On heating, iron(II) sulfate first loses its water of crystallization and the original green crystals are converted into a brown colored anhydrous solid. When further heated, the anhydrous material releases sulfur dioxide and white fumes of sulfur trioxide, leaving a reddish-brown iron(III) oxide. Decomposition of iron(II) sulfate begins at about 680 °C (1,256 °F).
- 2 FeSO4 → Fe2O3 + SO2 + SO3
Like all iron(II) salts, iron(II) sulfate is a reducing agent. For example, it reduces nitric acid to nitrogen oxide and chlorine to chloride:
- 6 FeSO4 + 3 H2SO4 + 2 HNO3 → 3 Fe2(SO4)3 + 4 H2O + 2 NO
- 6 FeSO4 + 3 Cl2 → 2 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2 FeCl3
Ferrous sulfate outside titanium dioxide factory in Kaanaa, Pori.
Upon exposure to air, it oxidizes to form a corrosive brown-yellow coating of basic ferric sulfate, which is an adduct of ferric oxide and ferric sulfate:
- 12 FeSO4 + 3 O2 → 4 Fe2(SO4)3 + 2 Fe2O3
Uses
Industrially, ferrous sulfate is mainly used as a precursor to other iron compounds. It is a reducing agent, mostly for the reduction of chromate in cement.
Nutritional supplement
Together with other iron compounds, ferrous sulfate is used to fortify foods and to treat iron-deficiency anemia. Constipation is a frequent and uncomfortable side effect associated with the administration of oral iron supplements. Stool softeners often are prescribed to prevent constipation.
Colorant
Ferrous sulfate was used in the manufacture of inks, most notably iron gall ink, which was used from the middle ages until the end of the eighteenth century. Chemical tests made on the Lachish letters [circa 588/6 BCE] showed the possible presence of iron (Torczyner, Lachish Letters, pp. 188–95). It is thought that oak galls and copperas may have been used in making the ink on those letters.[15] It also finds use in wool dyeing as a mordant. Harewood, a material used in marquetry and parquetry since the 17th century, is also made using ferrous sulfate.
Two different methods for the direct application of indigo dye were developed in England in the eighteenth century and remained in use well into the nineteenth century. One of these, known as china blue, involved iron(II) sulfate. After printing an insoluble form of indigo onto the fabric, the indigo was reduced to leuco-indigo in a sequence of baths of ferrous sulfate (with reoxidation to indigo in air between immersions). The china blue process could make sharp designs, but it could not produce the dark hues of other methods. Sometimes, it is included in canned black olives as an artificial colorant.
Ferrous sulfate can also be used to stain concrete and some limestones and sandstones a yellowish rust color.[16]
Woodworkers use ferrous sulfate solutions to color maple wood a silvery hue.
Other uses
In horticulture it is used for treating iron chlorosis.[17] Although not as rapid-acting as iron chelate, its effects are longer-lasting. It can be mixed with compost and dug into to the soil to create a store which can last for years.[18] It is also used as a lawn conditioner,[18] and moss killer.
In the second half of the 1850s ferrous sulfate was used as a photographic developer for collodion process images.[citation needed]
Ferrous sulfate is sometimes added to the cooling water flowing through the brass tubes of turbine condensers to form a corrosion-resistant protective coating.
It is used in gold refining to precipitate metallic gold from auric chloride solutions (gold dissolved in solution with aqua regia).
It has been used in the purification of water by flocculation and for phosphate removal in municipal and industrial sewage treatment plants to prevent eutrophication of surface water bodies.[citation needed]
It is used as a traditional method of treating wood panelling on houses, either alone, dissolved in water, or as a component of water-based paint.
Green vitriol is also a useful reagent in the identification of mushrooms.[19]
See also
- Iron(III) sulfate, the other common simple sulfate of iron.
- Copper(II) sulfate,
- Mohr's salt (ammonium iron(II) sulfate), a common double salt of ammonium sulfate with iron(II) sulfate.
References
- ^ a b c d e f "Siderotil Mineral Data". http://www.webmineral.com. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- ^ a b c d e f "Ferrohexahydrite Mineral Data". http://www.webmineral.com. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- ^ a b c d e f g h Lide, David R., ed. (2009). CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics (90th ed.). Boca Raton, Florida: CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-9084-0.
- ^ a b Seidell, Atherton; Linke, William F. (1919). Solubilities of Inorganic and Organic Compounds (2nd ed.). New York: D. Van Nostrand Company. p. 343.
- ^ a b Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. "iron(II) sulfate". http://chemister.ru. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- ^ a b c d Sigma-Aldrich Co., Iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate. Retrieved on 2014-08-03.
- ^ a b c d e Ralph, Jolyon; Chautitle, Ida. "Szomolnokite". http://www.mindat.org. Mindat.org. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- ^ a b c d e "Rozenite Mineral Data". http://www.webmineral.com. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- ^ a b c d e "Melanterite Mineral Data". http://www.webmineral.com. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- ^ a b c "MSDS of Ferrous sulfate heptahydrate". https://www.fishersci.ca. Fair Lawn, New Jersey: Fisher Scientific, Inc. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- ^ a b c d Weil, Matthias (2007). "The High-temperature β Modification of Iron(II) Sulfate". Acta Crystallographica Section E (International Union of Crystallography) 63 (12): i192. doi:10.1107/S160053680705475X. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- ^ a b c d Anatolievich, Kiper Ruslan. "iron(II) sulfate heptahydrate". http://chemister.ru. Retrieved 2014-08-03.
- ^ "NIOSH Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards #0346". National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH).
- ^ Egon Wildermuth, Hans Stark, Gabriele Friedrich, Franz Ludwig Ebenhöch, Brigitte Kühborth, Jack Silver, Rafael Rituper “Iron Compounds” in Ullmann’s Encyclopedia of Industrial Chemistry Wiley-VCH, Wienheim, 2005.
- ^ Hyatt, The Interpreter's Bible, 1951, volume V, p. 1067
- ^ How To Stain Concrete with Iron Sulfate
- ^ Koenig, Rich and Kuhns, Mike: Control of Iron Chlorosis in Ornamental and Crop Plants. (Utah State University, Salt Lake City, August 1996) p.3
- ^ a b Handreck, Kevin (2002). Gardening Down Under: A Guide to Healthier Soils and Plants (2nd ed.). Collingwood, Victoria: CSIRO Publishing. pp. 146–47. ISBN 0-643-06677-2.
- ^ Svrček, Mirko (1975). A color guide to familiar mushrooms. (2nd ed.). London: Octopus Books. p. 30. ISBN 0-7064-0448-3.
External links
|
Wikimedia Commons has media related to Iron(II) sulfate. |
- "Product Information". Chemical Land21. January 10, 2007.
- How to Make Copperas (Iron Sulfate) from Pyrites
- T. Sterry Hunt (1879). "Copperas". The American Cyclopædia.
|
Iron compounds
|
|
| Fe(-II) |
|
|
| Fe(0) |
- Fe(CO)5
- Fe2(CO)9
- Fe3(CO)12
- Fe(CO)3CH3COC2H2C6H6
|
|
| Fe(I) |
|
|
| Fe(0,II) |
|
|
| Fe(II) |
- FeBr2
- FeCl2
- FeF2
- FeI2
- FeH2
- FeMoO4
- FeO
- Fe(OH)2
- FeS
- FeSO4
- FeSe
- FeSi2
- FeTiO3
- FeCO3
- FeC2O4
- Fe(C2H3O2)2
- Fe(C3H5O3)2
- FeC6H6O7
- FeC12H22O14
- Fe2CrO4
- Fe3(PO4)2
- FeH2(CO)4
- Fe(HCO3)2
- Mg2FeH6
|
Organoiron(II) compounds
|
- Fe(C5H5)2
- Fe(C5H4P(C6H5)2)2
- C4H4Fe(CO)3
|
|
|
| Fe(0,III) |
|
|
| Fe(II,III) |
|
|
| Fe(III) |
- FeBr3
- FeCl3
- FeF3
- FeI3
- Fe(NO3)3
- FeOCl
- FeO(OH)
- FePO4
- Fe2(CrO4)3
- Fe2(C2O4)3
- Fe2O3
- Fe2S3
- Fe2(SO4)3
- FeBO3
- FeB
|
Organoiron(III) compounds
|
|
|
|
| Fe(VI) |
|
|
|
Salts and the ester of the sulfate ion |
| H2SO4 |
|
|
|
He |
| Li2SO4 |
BeSO4 |
B |
(RO)2SO3 |
(NH4)2SO4
N2H6SO4
(NH3OH)2SO4 |
O |
F |
Ne |
Na2SO4
NaHSO4 |
MgSO4 |
Al2(SO4)3 |
Si |
P |
SO42− |
Cl |
Ar |
K2SO4
KHSO4 |
CaSO4 |
Sc2(SO4)3 |
Ti(SO4)2 |
V2(SO4)3
VOSO4 |
CrSO4
Cr2(SO4)3 |
MnSO4 |
FeSO4
Fe2(SO4)3 |
CoSO4,
Co2(SO4)3 |
NiSO4 |
CuSO4 |
ZnSO4 |
Ga2(SO4)3 |
Ge |
As |
Se |
Br |
Kr |
| Rb2SO4 |
SrSO4 |
Y |
Zr(SO4)2 |
Nb |
Mo |
Tc |
Ru |
Rh |
PdSO4 |
Ag2SO4 |
CdSO4 |
In2(SO4)3 |
SnSO4 |
Sb2(SO4)3 |
Te |
I |
Xe |
| Cs2SO4 |
BaSO4 |
|
Hf |
Ta |
W |
Re |
Os |
Ir |
Pt |
Au |
Hg2SO4,
HgSO4 |
Tl2SO4 |
PbSO4 |
Bi2(SO4)3 |
Po |
At |
Rn |
| Fr |
Ra |
|
Rf |
Db |
Sg |
Bh |
Hs |
Mt |
Ds |
Rg |
Cn |
Uut |
Fl |
Uup |
Lv |
Uus |
Uuo |
|
↓ |
|
|
| La |
Ce2(SO4)3
Ce(SO4)2 |
Pr2(SO4)3 |
Nd |
Pm |
Sm |
Eu |
Gd |
Tb |
Dy |
Ho |
Er |
Tm |
Yb2(SO4)3 |
Lu |
| Ac |
Th |
Pa |
U(SO4)2
UO2SO4 |
Np |
Pu |
Am |
Cm |
Bk |
Cf |
Es |
Fm |
Md |
No |
Lr |
|
Other hematological agents
|
|
Antianemic
preparations
(B03) |
| Erythropoietins |
- Darbepoetin alfa
- Methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin beta
- Peginesatide
|
|
| Iron supplements |
- Ferrous ascorbate
- Ferrous aspartate
- Ferrous carbonate
- Ferrous chloride
- Ferrous fumarate
- Ferrous gluconate
- Ferrous glycine sulfate
- Ferrous iodine
- Ferrous succinate
- Ferrous sulfate
- Ferrous tartrate
- Iron sucrose
- Sodium ferric gluconate complex
|
|
|
Blood substitutes and
perfusion solutions (B05) |
- Dextran
- Gelatin agents
- Hemoglobin crosfumaril
- Hemoglobin raffimer
- Hydroxyethyl starch
- Icodextrin
- Mannitol
- Serum albumin
- Sorbitol
|
|
| Enzymes (B06AA) |
- Bromelain
- Chymotrypsin
- Deoxyribonuclease
- Fibrinolysin
- Hyaluronidase
- Streptokinase
- Trypsin
|
|
Drugs used i hereditary
angioedema (B06AC) |
- C1-inhibitor
- Conestat alfa
- Ecallantide
- Icatibant
|
|
|
Index of cells from bone marrow
|
|
| Description |
- Immune system
- Cells
- Physiology
- coagulation
- proteins
- granule contents
- colony-stimulating
- heme and porphyrin
|
|
| Disease |
- Red blood cell
- Monocyte and granulocyte
- Neoplasms and cancer
- Histiocytosis
- Symptoms and signs
- Blood tests
|
|
| Treatment |
- Transfusion
- Drugs
- thrombosis
- bleeding
- other
|
|
|
