摂食行動、食行動、食事行動

関: feeding behavior、feeding pattern

WordNet

the action or reaction of something (as a machine or substance) under specified circumstances; "the behavior of small particles can be studied in experiments" (同)behaviour
(psychology) the aggregate of the responses or reactions or movements made by an organism in any situation (同)behaviour
manner of acting or controlling yourself (同)behaviour, conduct, doings
the act of consuming food (同)feeding

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/11/14 02:44:51」(JST)

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Look up Appendix:Eating and feeding in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

A mosquito drinking blood (hematophagy) from a human (note the droplet of blood being expelled as a surplus)

A rosy boa eating a mouse whole

A Red Kangaroo eating grass

The robberfly is an insectivore, shown here having grabbed a leaf beetle

An American Robin eating a worm

Hummingbirds primarily drink nectar

A krill filter feeding

A Myrmicaria brunnea feeding on sugar crystals

Feeding is the process by which organisms, typically animals, obtain food. Terminology often uses either the suffix -vore from Latin vorare, meaning "to devour", or phagy, from Greek φαγειν, meaning "to eat".

Evolutionary history

The evolution of different feeding strategies is varied with some feeding strategies evolving several times in independent lineages. In terrestrial vertebrates, the earliest forms were large amphibious piscivores 400 million years ago. While amphibians continued to feed on fish and later insects, reptiles began exploring two new food types, other tetrapods (carnivory), and later, plants (herbivory). Carnivory was a natural transition from insectivory for medium and large tetrapods, requiring minimal adaptation (in contrast, a complex set of adaptations was necessary for feeding on highly fibrous plant materials).^[1]

Evolutionary adaptations

The specialization of organisms towards specific food sources is one of the major causes of evolution of form and function, such as:

mouth parts and teeth, such as in whales, vampire bats, leeches, mosquitos, predatory animals such as felines and fishes, etc.
distinct forms of beaks in birds, such as in hawks, woodpeckers, pelicans, hummingbirds, parrots, kingfishers, etc.
specialized claws and other appendages, for apprehending or killing (including fingers in primates)
changes in body colour for facilitating camouflage, disguise, setting up traps for preys, etc.
changes in the digestive system, such as the system of stomachs of herbivores, commensalism and symbiosis

Classification

By mode of ingestion

There are many modes of feeding that animals exhibit, including:

Filter feeding: obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in water
Deposit feeding: obtaining nutrients from particles suspended in soil
Fluid feeding: obtaining nutrients by consuming other organisms' fluids
Bulk feeding: obtaining nutrients by eating all of an organism
Ram feeding and suction feeding: ingesting prey via the fluids around it.

By mode of digestion

Extra-cellular digestion: excreting digesting enzymes and then reabsorbing the products
Myzocytosis: one cell pierces another using a feeding tube, and sucks out cytoplasm
Phagocytosis: engulfing food matter into living cells, where it is digested

By food type

Polyphagy is the ability of an animal to eat a variety of food, whereas monophagy is the intolerance of every food except of one specific type (see generalist and specialist species).

Another classification refers to the specific food animals specialize in eating, such as:

Carnivore: the eating of animals
- Araneophagy: eating spiders
- Avivore: eating birds
- Durophagy: eating hard-shelled or exoskeleton bearing organisms
- Haematophagy: eating blood
- Insectivore: eating insects
  - Myrmecophagy: eating ants and/or termites
- Invertivore: eating invertebrates
- Keratophagy or Ceratophagy: eating horny material, such as wool by cloths moths, or snakes eating their own skin after ecdysis.
- Lepidophagy: eating fish scales
- Molluscivore: eating molluscs
- Mucophagy: eating mucus
- Ophiophagy: eating snakes
- Oophagy: eating eggs (but also see "Intrauterine cannibalism" below)
- Piscivore: eating fish
- Spongivore: eating sponges
- Teuthophagore: eating mainly squid and other cephalopods
- Vermivore: eating worms
Herbivore: the eating of plants
- Exudativore: eating plant and/or insect exudates (gum, sap, lerp, etc.)
  - Gumivore: eating tree gum
- Folivore: eating leaves
- Florivore: eating flower tissue prior to seed coat formation
- Frugivore: eating fruits
- Graminivore: eating grasses
- Granivore: eating seeds
- Nectarivore: eating nectar
- Palynivore: eating pollen
- Xylophagy: eating wood
Omnivore: the eating of both plants and animals
Fungivore: the eating of fungus
Bacterivore: the eating of bacteria
Planktivore: the eating of plankton

The eating of non-living or decaying matter:

Coprophagy: eating feces
Detritivore: eating decomposing material
Geophagy: eating inorganic earth
Osteophagy: eating bones
Scavenger: eating carrion

There are also several unusual feeding behaviours, either normal, opportunistic, or pathological, such as:

Cannibalism: feeding on members of the same species
- Intrauterine cannibalism
  - Oophagy or Ovophagy: the embryo/foetus eats sibling eggs
  - Embryophagy: the foetus eats sibling embryos
- Filial cannibalism
- Self-cannibalism: feeding on parts of one's own body (see also autophagy
- Sexual cannibalism: cannibalism after mating
Kleptoparasitism: stealing food from another animal
Lignophagia: eating wood, typically a pathological condition in some domestic animals
Paedophagy: eating young animals
Pica: appetite for largely non-nutritive substances, e.g. clay or hair, sometimes in pregnancy or in pathological states, typically a medical or veterinary concern.
Placentophagy: eating placenta
Trophallaxis: eating food regurgitated by another animal
Zoopharmacognosy: self-medication by eating plants, soils, and insects to treat and prevent disease.

An opportunistic feeder sustains itself from a number of different food sources, because the species is behaviourally sufficiently flexible.

Storage behaviours

Some animals exhibit hoarding and caching behaviours in which they store or hide food for later use.

Others

Alcohol—it is widely believed that some animals eat rotting fruit for this to ferment and make them drunk, however, this has been refuted in the case of at least elephants.^[2]

References

^ Sahney, S., Benton, M.J. & Falcon-Lang, H.J. (2010). "Rainforest collapse triggered Pennsylvanian tetrapod diversification in Euramerica" (PDF). Geology 38 (12): 1079–1082. doi:10.1130/G31182.1.
^ Bakalar, N. (2005). "Elephants drunk in the wild? Scientists put the myth to rest". Retrieved May 24, 2013.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 摂食障害：疫学、病因、臨床的特徴、および経過 eating disorders epidemiology pathogenesis clinical features and course of illness
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5. 成人における神経性大食症：認知行動療法（CBT） bulimia nervosa in adults cognitive behavioral therapy cbt

English Journal

Adolescents' eating behaviour in general and in the peer context: Testing the prototype-willingness model.

Dohnke B1, Steinhilber A, Fuchs T.
Psychology & health.Psychol Health.2015 Apr;30(4):381-99. doi: 10.1080/08870446.2014.974604. Epub 2014 Nov 10.
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the prototype-willingness model (PWM) for eating behaviour in general and in the peer context in order to gain further evidence on the PWM and social-reactive processes in adolescents' eating behaviour.DESIGN: A longitudinal study was conducted. PWM variables for unhealthy
PMID 25307876

Change in excitability of a putative decision-making neuron in Aplysia serves as a mechanism in the decision not to feed following food satiation.

Dickinson KJ1, Wainwright ML1, Mozzachiodi R2.
Behavioural brain research.Behav Brain Res.2015 Mar 15;281:131-6. doi: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.12.022. Epub 2014 Dec 16.
Although decision making is a ubiquitous function, the understanding of its underlying mechanisms remains limited, particularly at the single-cell level. In this study, we used the decision not to feed that follows satiation in the marine mollusk Aplysia to examine the role of putative decision-maki
PMID 25527117

Social judgments of behavioral versus substance-related addictions: A population-based study.

Konkolÿ Thege B1, Colman I2, El-Guebaly N3, Hodgins DC4, Patten SB5, Schopflocher D6, Wolfe J7, Wild TC8.
Addictive behaviors.Addict Behav.2015 Mar;42:24-31. doi: 10.1016/j.addbeh.2014.10.025. Epub 2014 Nov 1.
BACKGROUND: Recently, the concept of addiction has expanded to include many types of problematic repetitive behaviors beyond those related to substance misuse. This trend may have implications for the way that lay people think about addictions and about people struggling with addictive disorders. Th
PMID 25462650

Japanese Journal

フォーク型センサとスマートフォンを連携した食行動改善手法の提案

門村亜珠沙,李爭原,陳嚴章,朱浩華,塚田浩二,椎尾一郎
情報処理学会研究報告. UBI, [ユビキタスコンピューティングシステム] 2013-UBI-39(10), 1-5, 2013-07-24
子供の食行動を改善することを目的に,食行動 (食事中の動作と食べようとしている食材の種類) を検出するフォーク型デバイス:センシングフォークを開発した.本論文では,センシングフォークのプロトタイプ設計と実装,および,これと連携して動くスマートフォン用ゲームアプリケーション:腹ペコパンダについて述べる.
NAID 110009591636

就学前の子どもを育てる保護者に効果的な継続食育教室と札幌市の幼稚園ならびに保育園の現状

菅原千鶴子,森谷 [きよし],木田春代
天使大学紀要 13(2), 79-93, 2013-06-28
生涯にわたる人間形成の基礎を培う時期にある就学前の子どもがうける食育は,保護者の食に対する考え方や,生活意識によって大きな影響を受ける。保護者(特に母親)は子どもの食育に関心を持ちながらも,知識や時間などの問題から充分に取り組めない状況にあり,単回の食育に参加できても,継続した食育に参加する機会は多くない。先行研究において,札幌市居住4〜5歳児の90%以上が通園する幼稚園ならびに保育園と協力をして …
NAID 110009605259

勤労男性における健康行動および心理的尺度値の変容と性格特性の関連

梅澤敦子,原田千佐,石川紀子,木谷信子,清水真理,長能やよい,鈴木純子,森谷 [キヨシ]
天使大学紀要 13(2), 41-51, 2013-06-28
本研究は、勤労男性を対象に行ったメタボリックシンドローム予防・改善プログラムにおいて健康行動および心理的尺度値の変容に対する性格特性の関連を検討することを目的とした。プログラムでは、A社男性社員を対象に個人結果票やニュースレター配布による健康行動変容支援を行った。調査は質問紙法により行い、介入前後に食・運動・休養の3行動の変容ステージ、3行動のソーシャルサポート(SS)、3行動のセルフエフィカシー …
NAID 110009605255