出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/10/10 00:00:15」(JST)
| Nerve: Cranial nerves | |
|---|---|
| Inferior view of the brain and brain stem showing cranial nerves. An unlabelled version is here | |
| Latin | nervus cranialis (plural: nervi craniales) |
| Code | TA A14.2.00.038 |
Cranial nerves are nerves that emerge directly from the brain, in contrast to spinal nerves, which emerge from segments of the spinal cord. In humans, there are traditionally twelve pairs of cranial nerves. Only the first and the second pair emerge from the cerebrum; the remaining ten pairs emerge from the brainstem.
The cranial nerves are part of the peripheral nervous system (PNS) with the exception of cranial nerve II or 'optic nerve', along with the retina, which is not a true peripheral nerve but a tract of the diencephalon.[1] Cranial nerve ganglia originate in the central nervous system (CNS). The remaining eleven axons extend beyond the brain and are therefore considered part of the PNS.[2]
Human cranial nerves are nerves similar to those found in many other vertebrates. Cranial nerves XI and XII evolved in other species to amniotes (non-amphibian tetrapods), thus totaling twelve pairs. In some primitive cartilaginous fishes, such as the spiny dogfish or mud shark (Squalus acanthias), there is a terminal nerve numbered zero, since it exits the brain before the traditionally designated first cranial nerve.
| Number | Name | Sensory, motor, |
Origin/Target | Nuclei | Function |
| I | Olfactory | Purely sensory | Telencephalon | Anterior olfactory nucleus | Transmits the sense of smell from the nasal cavity.[3] Located in olfactory foramina in the cribriform plate of ethmoid. |
| II | Optic | Purely sensory | Retinal ganglion cells | [Lateral geniculate nucleus][4] | Transmits visual signals from the retina of the eye to the brain.[5] Located in the optic canal. |
| III | Oculomotor | Mainly motor | Anterior aspect of Midbrain | Oculomotor nucleus, Edinger-Westphal nucleus | Innervates the levator palpebrae superioris, superior rectus, medial rectus, inferior rectus, and inferior oblique, which collectively perform most eye movements. Also innervates the sphincter pupillae and the muscles of the ciliary body. Located in the superior orbital fissure. |
| IV | Trochlear | motor | Dorsal aspect of Midbrain | Trochlear nucleus | Innervates the superior oblique muscle, which depresses, rotates laterally, and intorts the eyeball. Located in the superior orbital fissure. |
| V | Trigeminal | Both sensory and motor | Pons | Principal sensory trigeminal nucleus, Spinal trigeminal nucleus, Mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus, Trigeminal motor nucleus | Receives sensation from the face and innervates the muscles of mastication. Located in the superior orbital fissure (ophthalmic nerve - V1), foramen rotundum (maxillary nerve - V2), and foramen ovale (mandibular nerve - V3). |
| VI | Abducens | Mainly motor | Nuclei lying under the floor of the fourth ventricle Pons | Abducens nucleus | Innervates the lateral rectus, which abducts the eye. Located in the superior orbital fissure. |
| VII | Facial | Both sensory and motor | Pons (cerebellopontine angle) above olive | Facial nucleus, Solitary nucleus, Superior salivary nucleus | Provides motor innervation to the muscles of facial expression, posterior belly of the digastric muscle, stylohyoid muscle, and stapedius muscle. Also receives the special sense of taste from the anterior 2/3 of the tongue and provides secretomotor innervation to the salivary glands (except parotid) and the lacrimal gland. Located in and runs through the internal acoustic canal to the facial canal and exits at the stylomastoid foramen. |
| VIII | Acoustic or Vestibulocochlear (or auditory-vestibular nerve or acoustic nerve) | Mostly sensory | Lateral to CN VII (cerebellopontine angle) | Vestibular nuclei, Cochlear nuclei | Senses sound, rotation, and gravity (essential for balance and movement). More specifically, the vestibular branch carries impulses for equilibrium and the cochlear branch carries impulses for hearing. Located in the internal acoustic canal. |
| IX | Glossopharyngeal | Both sensory and motor | Medulla | Nucleus ambiguus, Inferior salivary nucleus, Solitary nucleus | Receives taste from the posterior 1/3 of the tongue, provides secretomotor innervation to the parotid gland, and provides motor innervation to the stylopharyngeus. Some sensation is also relayed to the brain from the palatine tonsils. Located in the jugular foramen. |
| X | Vagus | Both sensory and motor | Posterolateral sulcus of Medulla | Nucleus ambiguus, Dorsal motor vagal nucleus, Solitary nucleus | Supplies branchiomotor innervation to most laryngeal and pharyngeal muscles (except the stylopharyngeus, which is innervated by the glossopharyngeal). Also provides parasympathetic fibers to nearly all thoracic and abdominal viscera down to the splenic flexure. Receives the special sense of taste from the epiglottis. A major function: controls muscles for voice and resonance and the soft palate. Symptoms of damage: dysphagia (swallowing problems), velopharyngeal insufficiency. Located in the jugular foramen. |
| XI | Accessory or spinal-accessory (or cranial accessory nerve or spinal accessory nerve) | Mainly motor | Cranial and Spinal Roots | Nucleus ambiguus, Spinal accessory nucleus | Controls the sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles, and overlaps with functions of the vagus nerve (CN X). Symptoms of damage: inability to shrug, weak head movement. Located in the jugular foramen. |
| XII | Hypoglossal | Mainly motor | Medulla | Hypoglossal nucleus | Provides motor innervation to the muscles of the tongue (except for the palatoglossus, which is innervated by the vagus nerve) and other glossal muscles. Important for swallowing (bolus formation) and speech articulation. Located in the hypoglossal canal. |
There are many mnemonic devices in circulation to help remember the names and order of the cranial nerves. Because the mind recalls rhymes well, the best mnemonics often use rhyming schemes.
An example mnemonic sentence for the initial letters "OOOTTAFAGVSH" is "On old Olympus's towering tops, a Finn and German viewed some hops,"[6] and for the initial letters "OOOTTAFVGVAH" is "Oh, oh, oh, to touch and feel very good velvet...ah, heaven."[7] The differences between these depend on "acoustic" versus "vestibulocochlea" and "spinal-accessory" versus "accessory".
A useful mnemonic for remembering which nerves are motor (M), sensory (S), or both (B) is, "Some Say Marry Money But My Brother Says Big Boobs Matter More". There are many more mnemonics from many sources, for example OLd OPie OCcasionally TRies TRIGonometry And Feels VEry GLOomy, VAGUe, And HYPOactive.[8]
| This article needs additional citations for verification. Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (January 2008) |
3D rendering of cranial nerves (inferior view).
Animations of cranial nerve input to extraocular muscles can be found here (University of Liverpool Veterinary School).
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| リンク元 | 「脳神経」 |
| 関連記事 | 「cranial」「nerve」 |
| 脳神経 | 同側の脳神経症状 | 代表的症候群 | ||||
| 中脳 | III | IV | 内転筋の麻痺、眼球の外方変異 | Weber症候群、MLF症候群、Benedikt症候群 | ||
| 橋 | V | VI | VII | VIII | 顔面の麻痺 | Millard-Gubler症候群 |
| 延髄 | IX | X | XI | XII | 嚥下障害、構音障害 | Wallenberg症候群 |
| CN# | 一般感覚性 | 臓性感覚性 | 特殊感覚性 | 体性運動性 | 臓性運動性 | 鰓弓運動性 | 神経細胞(中枢神経外) | 神経細胞(中脳) | 神経細胞(橋) | 神経細胞(延髄) | 神経細胞(脊髄) | ○-< 節後ニューロン | 頭蓋からの出口 | 分布と機能 | ||
| CN I | 嗅神経 | ○ | 嗅上皮 | 篩骨の篩板の穴 | 左右の鼻腔の天井、鼻中隔の上部、上鼻甲介の粘膜からの嗅覚 | |||||||||||
| CN II | 視神経 | ○ | 網膜 | 視神経板 | ||||||||||||
| CN III | 動眼神経 | ○ | ○ | 上眼窩裂 | 支配筋：上直筋、下直筋、内側直筋、下斜筋 | |||||||||||
| ○ | ○ | 毛様体神経節 | 上眼窩裂 | 副交感神経：瞳孔収縮筋、毛様体筋 | ||||||||||||
| CN IV | 滑車神経 | ○ | ○ | 上眼窩裂 | 支配筋：上斜筋 | |||||||||||
| CN V | 三叉神経 | |||||||||||||||
| V1 | 眼神経 | ○ | 三叉神経節 | 上眼窩裂 | 角膜、前頭部、頭皮、眼瞼、鼻の皮膚、鼻腔と副鼻腔の粘膜からの感覚 | |||||||||||
| V2 | 上顎神経 | ○ | 三叉神経節 | 正円孔 | 上唇を含む上顎部の顔の皮膚、上顎の歯、鼻粘膜、上顎洞、口蓋の感覚 | |||||||||||
| V3 | 下顎神経 | ○ | 三叉神経節 | 卵円孔 | 下唇を含む下顎と顔の外側部の皮膚、下顎の歯、顎関節、口の粘膜、舌の2/3の感覚 | |||||||||||
| ○ | ○ | 支配筋：咀嚼筋、顎舌骨筋、顎二腹筋の前腹、口蓋帆張筋、膨膜張筋 | ||||||||||||||
| CN VI | 外転神経 | ○ | 上眼窩裂 | 支配筋：外側直筋 | ||||||||||||
| CN VII | 顔面神経 | ○ | 膝神経節 | 内耳道、顔神経管、茎乳突孔 | 外耳道の皮膚の感覚 | |||||||||||
| ○ | 膝神経節 | 舌の2/3，口腔底、口蓋の味覚 | ||||||||||||||
| ○ | ○ | 翼口神経節、顎下神経節 | 副交感神経：顎下腺、舌下腺、涙腺、鼻と口蓋の腺 | |||||||||||||
| ○ | ○ | 支配筋：顔の表情筋、中耳のアブミ骨、茎突舌骨筋、顎二腹筋の後腹 | ||||||||||||||
| CN VIII | 内耳神経 | |||||||||||||||
| 前庭神経 | ○ | 前庭神経節 | 内耳道 | 半規管、球形嚢、卵形嚢からの前庭感覚 | ||||||||||||
| 蝸牛神経 | ○ | ラセン神経節 | ラセン器からの聴覚 | |||||||||||||
| CN IX | 舌咽神経 | ○ | 脳神経IXの下神経節 | 頚静脈孔 | 外耳からの皮膚感覚 | |||||||||||
| ○ | 脳神経IXの上神経節 | 耳下腺、頸動脈小体、頸動脈洞、咽頭、中耳からの臓性感覚 | ||||||||||||||
| ○ | 脳神経IXの下神経節 | 舌の後ろ1/3からの味覚 | ||||||||||||||
| ○ | ○ | 耳神経節 | 副交感神経：耳下腺 | |||||||||||||
| ○ | ○ | 支配筋：茎突咽頭筋（嚥下を助ける） | ||||||||||||||
| CN X | 迷走神経 | ○ | 脳神経Xの上神経節 | 頚静脈孔 | 耳介、外耳道、後頭蓋窩からの感覚 | |||||||||||
| ○ | 脳神経Xの上神経節 | 舌底、咽頭、喉頭、器官、気管支、心臓、食道、胃、腸の臓性感覚 | ||||||||||||||
| ○ | 脳神経Xの下神経節 | 喉頭蓋と口蓋の味覚 | ||||||||||||||
| ○ | ○ | 内臓近傍のニューロン | 副交感神経：平滑筋（気管、気管支、消化管）、心筋（心臓） | |||||||||||||
| ○ | ○ | 支配筋：咽頭収縮筋、口蓋帆張筋を除く口蓋の筋、食道上2/3の横紋筋 | ||||||||||||||
| CN XI | 副神経 | |||||||||||||||
| 延髄根 | ○ | ○ | 頚静脈孔 | 支配筋：軟口蓋、咽頭の横紋筋、喉頭（いずれも脳神経Xに加わる神経を経由） | ||||||||||||
| 脊髄根 | ○ | ○ | 支配筋：胸鎖乳突筋と僧帽筋 | |||||||||||||
| CN XII | 舌下神経 | ○ | ○ | 舌下神経管 | 支配筋：舌筋（口蓋舌筋を除く） | |||||||||||