WordNet
- conditioning in which a second incompatible response is conditioned to an already conditioned stimulus; "counter conditioning lies behind many of the procedures used in behavior therapy"
- name or recite the numbers in ascending order; "The toddler could count to 100"
- the total number counted; "a blood count"
- the act of counting; reciting numbers in ascending order; "the counting continued for several hours" (同)counting, numeration, enumeration, reckoning, tally
- a nobleman (in various countries) having rank equal to a British earl
- have faith or confidence in; "you can count on me to help you any time"; "Look to your friends for support"; "You can bet on that!"; "Depend on your family in times of crisis" (同)bet, depend, look, calculate, reckon
- have weight; have import, carry weight; "It does not matter much" (同)matter, weigh
- put into a group; "The academy counts several Nobel Prize winners among its members" (同)number
- determine the number or amount of; "Can you count the books on your shelf?"; "Count your change" (同)number, enumerate, numerate
- have a certain value or carry a certain weight; "each answer counts as three points"
- include as if by counting; "I can count my colleagues in the opposition"
- speak in response; "He countered with some very persuasive arguments"
- a piece of leather forming the back of a shoe or boot; "a counter may be used to stiffen the material around the heel and to give support to the foot" (同)heel counter
- a calculator that keeps a record of the number of times something happens (同)tabulator
- (computer science) a register whose contents go through a regular series of states (usually states indicating consecutive integers)
- game equipment (as a piece of wood, plastic, or ivory) used for keeping a count or reserving a space in various card or board games
- table consisting of a horizontal surface over which business is transacted
- a person who counts things
- in the opposite direction; "run counter"
- a learning process in which an organisms behavior becomes dependent on the occurrence of a stimulus in its environment
PrepTutorEJDIC
- (一つ一つ順に)〈数〉'を'『数える』,〈物〉'を'数え上げる《+『up』+『名,』+『名』+『up』》 / …'を'『勘定に入れる』,含める(include) / …'を'『思う』,みなす(consider) / 数を数える,計算する《+『up』》 / 数にはいる,数に含まれる / 価値がある,重大である / 〈C〉〈U〉『数えること』,『計算』 / 〈U〉総数,総計 / 〈U〉(起訴状の)訴因 / 《the~》(ボクシングで)カウント(選手がノックダウンされたときレフリーが1から10まで数えること) / 〈C〉(野救で打者の)ボールカウント / 〈U〉《話》考慮,注目(account)
- (英国以外の)伯爵
- (商店・銀行などの)『売り台』,勘定台,カウンター / (食堂などに)『カウンター』 / (おもちゃの)模造貨幣
- 計算する人 / (特に電動式の)計算器,計数器 / (ゲームの得点計算用)数取り,点棒
- 『反対の』,逆の(opposite) / (一対の)片方の,副の / (…と)反対に,逆に《+『to』+『名』》 / …‘に'『逆らう』,立ち向かう / …'を'無効にする / (ボクシングなどで)〈打撃〉'を'返す,‘に'反撃する / (ボクシングなどで)打ち返す / 『逆』,反対,対立物 / (フェンシングの)受け流し / (ボクシングなどで)打ち返し,カウンター / (靴の)かかとの皮
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2017/08/22 19:37:57」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
Counterconditioning (also called stimulus substitution) is a form of respondent conditioning that involves the conditioning of an unwanted behavior or response to a stimulus into a wanted behavior or response by the association of positive actions with the stimulus.[1] For example, when training a dog, a person would create a positive response by petting or calming the dog, when the dog reacts anxiously or nervously to a stimulus. Therefore this will associate the positive response with the stimulus.[2]
Contents
- 1 Founders
- 2 Versus extinction
- 3 Common treatment uses
- 4 Annotated bibliography
- 5 References
Founders
Mary Cover Jones was the first to show the effectiveness of the counter conditioning process in her rabbit experiments. She was able to eliminate the fear of rabbits from a young boy. The rabbit was first kept away from the boy and then moved closer and closer, while the boy was able to eat his favorite foods. The boy was allowed to touch the rabbit and then was able to eat his food to reduce the nervousness touching the rabbit induced. Eventually the boy was able to pet the rabbit without any sign of fear because of the unpleasant and feared stimulus of the rabbit was now replaced by the pleasant stimulus of the food. But Jones was not the only one working on this process of conditioning, J.B. Watson and R. Rayner suggested a process similar to that of Jones and also shortly after the rabbit experiments were published Ivan Pavlov used a similar procedure for a dog that was agitated by his experiments.[3]
Versus extinction
Counterconditioning is very similar to extinction seen in classical conditioning. It is the process of getting rid of an unwanted response. But in counterconditioning, the unwanted response does not just disappear, it is replaced by a new, wanted response. "The conditioned stimulus is presented with the unconditioned stimulus".[3] This also can be thought of as stimulus substitution. The weaker stimulus will be replaced by the stronger stimulus. When counterconditioning is successful, the process can not just be explained by simply substitution of a stimulus. It usually is explained by things such as conditioned inhibition, habituation, or extinction.[3]
Common treatment uses
It is a common treatment for aggression, fears, and phobias. The use of counter conditioning is widely used for treatment in humans as well as animals. The most common goal is to decrease or increase the want or desire to the stimulus. One of the most widely used types of counter conditioning is systematic desensitization. This technique uses muscle relaxation instead of food as the positive counter stimulus. The main goal in this treatment is to reduce fear to a certain feared stimulus.[3]
Annotated bibliography
- Richard J. Gerrig and Philip G. Zimbardo start to the explain the process of counter conditioning it their article. Explaining the process with people along with animals such as dogs.
- Aaron E. Blaisdell, James C. Denniston, Hernan I. Savastano, and Ralph R. Miller were the authors of this article. This article explains the biological effects of conditioning and counter conditioning. They also show and explain the results of their experiments using the techniques of conditioning.
- Edward W. Craighead and Charles B. Nemeroff go into much detail about counter conditioning. They explain the differences between classical conditioning and counter conditioning and also explain how counter conditioning works. Along with the explanation of the process they tell how the process came about and who did the experiments leading to counter conditioning's discovery.
References
- ^ Gerrig, Richard J. & Philip G. Zimbardo (2002). Psychology And Life. Pearson Education.
- ^ Blaisdell, Aaron E.; James C. Denniston; Hernan I. Savastano; Ralph R. Miller (2000). "Counterconditioning of an Overshadowed Cue Attenuates Overshadowing" (PDF). Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes. The American Psychological Association, Inc. 26 (1): 74–86. PMID 10650545. doi:10.1037/0097-7403.26.1.74. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2012-04-25.
- ^ a b c d Craighead, W. Edward; Charles B. Nemeroff (2004). The Concise Corsini Encyclopedia of Psychology and Behavioral Science. John Wiley & Sons, Inc. p. 232.
UpToDate Contents
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English Journal
- Is Evaluative Conditioning Really Uncontrollable? A Comparative Test of Three Emotion-Focused Strategies to Prevent the Acquisition of Conditioned Preferences.
- Gawronski B, Mitchell DG, Balas R.
- Emotion (Washington, D.C.).Emotion.2015 Apr 27. [Epub ahead of print]
- Evaluative conditioning (EC) is defined as the change in the evaluation of a conditioned stimulus (CS) because of its pairing with a valenced unconditioned stimulus (US). Counter to views that EC is the product of automatic learning processes, recent research has revealed various characteristics of
- PMID 25915000
- The Effect of Pre-departure Training Loads on Post-tour Physical Capacities in High-performance Junior Tennis Players.
- Murphy AP1, Duffield R, Kellett A, Gescheit D, Reid M.
- International journal of sports physiology and performance.Int J Sports Physiol Perform.2015 Mar 10. [Epub ahead of print]
- PURPOSE: Difficulties in preserving physical capacities whilst on tennis tours necessitate targeted training prescription. This study analysed training and match loads performed prior to and on tour for their relationship with post-tour physical capacity changes. A secondary aim was to determine whe
- PMID 25756284
- Relationship between core strength and key variables of performance in elite rink hockey players.
- Hoppe MW1, Freiwald J, Baumgart C, Born DP, Reed JL, Sperlich B.
- The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness.J Sports Med Phys Fitness.2015 Mar;55(3):150-7. Epub 2014 Jul 29.
- AIM: The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that a significant relationship exists between the level of core strength-endurance and key variables of endurance, strength, power, speed, and agility performance in male elite rink hockey players.METHODS: Ten male elite rink hockey players of t
- PMID 25069961
Japanese Journal
- 「栄養」教育から「食行動」教育へ:―体重管理における誘惑場面の対策に関する基礎と実践的研究―
- HFO-1234yf 冷媒による扁平管内凝縮伝熱特性:<b>-</b>内壁突起と潤滑油の伝熱への影響<b>-</b>
- Promotion and control of turbulent mixing of hot and cold airflows in T-junction
- Journal of Fluid Science and Technology 9(3), JFST0042-JFST0042, 2014
- NAID 130004695311
Related Links
- (psychol) the conditioning of a response that is incompatible with some previously learned response; for example, in psychotherapy an anxious person might be ... Collins English Dictionary - Complete & Unabridged 2012 Digital ...
- Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words Synonyms Legend: Noun 1. counter conditioning - conditioning in which a second incompatible response is conditioned to an already conditioned stimulus; "counter conditioning lies behind many ...
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- number、numeral
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- acclimation、acclimatisation、acclimatization、domestication
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