WordNet

a lack of competence; "pointed out the insufficiencies in my report"; "juvenile offenses often reflect an inadequacy in the parents" (同)inadequacy
(pathology) inability of a bodily part or organ to function normally
lack of an adequate quantity or number; "the inadequacy of unemployment benefits" (同)inadequacy, deficiency
(botany) the trumpet-shaped or cup-shaped outgrowth of the corolla of a daffodil or narcissus flower
one or more circles of light seen around a luminous object
a long cigar with blunt ends
(anatomy) any structure that resembles a crown in shape
surrounding like a crown (especially of the blood vessels surrounding the heart); "coronary arteries"

PrepTutorEJDIC

不十分な[点],不足;不適当,不向き
コロナ(皆既日食のときに見える光冠) / (太陽・月などの)かさ
冠状動脈の / 心臓の / 冠状動脈血栓(けっせん)症(coronary thrombosis)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/04/05 14:52:46」(JST)

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Coronary artery disease (CAD), also known as ischemic heart disease (IHD),^[4] is a group of diseases that includes: stable angina, unstable angina, myocardial infarction, and sudden coronary death.^[5] It is within the group of cardiovascular diseases of which it is the most common type.^[6] A common symptom is chest pain or discomfort which may travel into the shoulder, arm, back, neck, or jaw.^[7] Occasionally it may feel like heartburn. Usually symptoms occur with exercise or emotional stress, last less than a few minutes, and get better with rest.^[7] Shortness of breath may also occur and sometimes no symptoms are present.^[7] The first sign is occasionally a heart attack.^[8] Other complications include heart failure or an irregular heartbeat.^[8]

Risk factors include: high blood pressure, smoking, diabetes, lack of exercise, obesity, high blood cholesterol, poor diet, and excessive alcohol, among others.^[9]^[10] Other risks include depression.^[11] The underlying mechanism involves atherosclerosis of the arteries of the heart.^[10] A number of tests may help with diagnoses including: electrocardiogram, cardiac stress testing, coronary computed tomographic angiography, and coronary angiogram, among others.^[12]

Prevention is by eating a healthy diet, regular exercise, maintaining a healthy weight and not smoking.^[13] Sometimes medication for diabetes, high cholesterol, or high blood pressure are also used.^[13] There is limited evidence for screening people who are at low risk and do not have symptoms.^[14] Treatment involves the same measures as prevention.^[15]^[16] Additional medications such as antiplatelets including aspirin, beta blockers, or nitroglycerin may be recommended.^[16] Procedures such as percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) or coronary artery bypass surgery (CABG) may be used in severe disease.^[16]^[17] In those with stable CAD it is unclear if PCI or CABG in addition to the other treatments improve life expectancy or decreases heart attack risk.^[18]

In 2013 CAD was the most common cause of death globally, resulting in 8.14 million deaths (16.8%) up from 5.74 million deaths (12%) in 1990.^[6] The risk of death from CAD for a given age has decreased between 1980 and 2010 especially in developed countries.^[19] The number of cases of CAD for a given age has also decreased between 1990 and 2010.^[20] In the United States in 2010 about 20% of those over 65 had CAD, while it was present in 7% of those 45 to 64, and 1.3% of those 18 to 45.^[21] Rates are higher among men than women of a given age.^[21]

1 Signs and symptoms
2 Risk factors
- 2.1 Blood fats
- 2.2 Other
3 Pathophysiology
4 Diagnosis
- 4.1 Stable angina
- 4.2 Acute coronary syndrome
- 4.3 Risk assessment
5 Prevention
- 5.1 Diet
- 5.2 Secondary prevention
6 Management
- 6.1 Medications
  - 6.1.1 Aspirin
  - 6.1.2 Anti-platelet therapy
- 6.2 Surgery
7 Epidemiology
8 Society and culture
- 8.1 Names
- 8.2 Support groups
9 Research
10 References
11 External links

Signs and symptoms

Chest pain that occurs regularly with activity, after eating, or at other predictable times is termed stable angina and is associated with narrowings of the arteries of the heart.

Angina that changes in intensity, character or frequency is termed unstable. Unstable angina may precede myocardial infarction. In adults who go to the emergency department with an unclear cause of pain, about 30% have pain due to coronary artery disease.^[22]

Risk factors

Coronary artery disease has a number of well determined risk factors. The most common risk factors include smoking, family history, hypertension, obesity, diabetes, lack of exercise, stress, and high blood lipids.^[23]^[24] Smoking is associated with about 36% of cases and obesity 20%.^[25] Lack of exercise has been linked to 7–12% of cases.^[25]^[26] Exposure to the herbicide Agent orange may increase risk.^[27]

Job stress appears to play a minor role accounting for about 3% of cases.^[25]

In one study, women who were free of stress from work life saw an increase in the diameter of their blood vessels, leading to decreased progression of atherosclerosis.^[28] In contrast, women who had high levels of work-related stress experienced a decrease in the diameter of their blood vessels and significantly increased disease progression.^[28] Having a type A behavior pattern, a group of personality characteristics including time urgency, competitiveness, hostility, and impatience^[29] is linked to an increased risk of coronary disease.^[30]

Blood fats

High blood cholesterol (specifically, serum LDL concentrations). HDL (high density lipoprotein)has a protective effect over development of coronary artery disease.^[31]
High blood triglycerides may play a role.^[32]
High levels of lipoprotein(a),^[33]^[34]^[35] a compound formed when LDL cholesterol combines with a protein known as apolipoprotein(a).

Dietary cholesterol does not appear to have a significant effect on blood cholesterol and thus recommendations about its consumption may not be needed.^[36] Saturated fat is still a concern.^[36]

Other

Endometriosis in women under the age of 40^[37]
It is unclear if type A personality affects the risk of coronary artery disease.^[38] Depression and hostility do appear to be risks however.^[39]
The number of categories of adverse childhood experiences (psychological, physical, or sexual abuse; violence against mother; or living with household members who were substance abusers, mentally ill, suicidal, or incarcerated) showed a graded relationship to the presence of adult diseases including coronary artery (ischemic heart) disease.^[40]
Hemostatic factors: High levels of fibrinogen and coagulation factor VII are associated with an increased risk of CAD. Factor VII levels are higher in individuals with a high intake of dietary fat. Decreased fibrinolytic activity has been reported in patients with coronary atherosclerosis.^{[citation needed]}
Low hemoglobin^[41]
Men over 45; Women over 55.^{[citation needed]}

Pathophysiology

Micrograph of a coronary artery with the most common form of coronary artery disease (atherosclerosis) and marked luminal narrowing. Masson's trichrome.

Illustration depicting coronary artery disease

Limitation of blood flow to the heart causes ischemia (cell starvation secondary to a lack of oxygen) of the myocardial cells. Myocardial cells may die from lack of oxygen and this is called a myocardial infarction (commonly called a heart attack). It leads to heart muscle damage, heart muscle death and later myocardial scarring without heart muscle regrowth. Chronic high-grade stenosis of the coronary arteries can induce transient ischemia which leads to the induction of a ventricular arrhythmia, which may terminate into ventricular fibrillation leading to death.^[42]

Typically, coronary artery disease occurs when part of the smooth, elastic lining inside a coronary artery (the arteries that supply blood to the heart muscle) develops atherosclerosis. With atherosclerosis, the artery's lining becomes hardened, stiffened, and swollen with calcium deposits, fatty deposits, and abnormal inflammatory cells - to form a plaque. Deposits of calcium phosphates (hydroxyapatites) in the muscular layer of the blood vessels appear to play not only a significant role in stiffening arteries but also for the induction of an early phase of coronary arteriosclerosis. This can be seen in a so-called metastatic mechanism of calciphylaxis as it occurs in chronic kidney disease and haemodialysis (Rainer Liedtke 2008). Although these patients suffer from a kidney dysfunction, almost fifty percent of them die due to coronary artery disease. Plaques can be thought of as large "pimples" that protrude into the channel of an artery, causing a partial obstruction to blood flow. Patients with coronary artery disease might have just one or two plaques, or might have dozens distributed throughout their coronary arteries. A more severe form is chronic total occlusion (CTO), when a coronary artery is completely obstructed for more than 3 months.^[43]

Cardiac syndrome X is a term that describes chest pain (Angina pectoris) and chest discomfort in people who do not show signs of blockages in the larger coronary arteries of their hearts when an angiogram (coronary angiogram) is being performed.^[44] The exact cause of cardiac syndrome X is unknown. One explanation is microvascular dysfunction.^[45] For reasons that are not well known, women are more likely than men to have it; however, hormones and other risk factors unique to women may play a role.^[46]

Diagnosis

Coronary angiogram of a man

Coronary angiogram of a woman

For symptomatic patients, stress echocardiography can be used to make a diagnosis for obstructive coronary artery disease.^[47] The use of echocardiography, stress cardiac imaging, and/or advanced non-invasive imaging is not recommended on individuals who are exhibiting no symptoms and are otherwise at low risk for developing coronary disease.^[47]^[48]

CAD has always been a tough disease to diagnose without the use of invasive or stressful activities. The development of the Multifunction Cardiogram (MCG) has changed the way CAD is diagnosed. The MCG consists of a 2 lead resting EKG signal which is transformed into a mathematical model and compared against tens of thousands of clinical trials to diagnose a patient with an objective severity score, as well as secondary and tertiary results about the patient's condition. The results from MCG tests have been validated in 8 clinical trials^{[citation needed]} which resulted in a database of over 50,000 patients where the system has demonstrated accuracy comparable to coronary angiography (90% overall sensitivity, 85% specificity).^{[citation needed]}

This level of accuracy comes from the application of advanced techniques in signal processing and systems analysis combined with a large scale clinical database which allows MCG to provide quantitative, evidence-based results to assist physicians in reaching a diagnosis. The MCG has also been awarded a Category III CPT code by the American Medical Association in the July 2009 CPT update^{[citation needed]}.

The diagnosis of "Cardiac Syndrome X" - the rare coronary artery disease that is more common in women, as mentioned, an "exclusion" diagnosis. Therefore, usually the same tests are used as in any patient with the suspicion of coronary artery disease:

Baseline electrocardiography (ECG)
Exercise ECG – Stress test
Exercise radioisotope test (nuclear stress test, myocardial scintigraphy)
Echocardiography (including stress echocardiography)
Coronary angiography
Intravascular ultrasound
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

The diagnosis of coronary disease underlying particular symptoms depends largely on the nature of the symptoms. The first investigation is an electrocardiogram (ECG/EKG), both for "stable" angina and acute coronary syndrome. An X-ray of the chest and blood tests may be performed.^{[citation needed]}

Stable angina

In "stable" angina, chest pain with typical features occurring at predictable levels of exertion, various forms of cardiac stress tests may be used to induce both symptoms and detect changes by way of electrocardiography (using an ECG), echocardiography (using ultrasound of the heart) or scintigraphy (using uptake of radionuclide by the heart muscle). If part of the heart seems to receive an insufficient blood supply, coronary angiography may be used to identify stenosis of the coronary arteries and suitability for angioplasty or bypass surgery.^{[citation needed]}

Acute coronary syndrome

Diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome generally takes place in the emergency department, where ECGs may be performed sequentially to identify "evolving changes" (indicating ongoing damage to the heart muscle). Diagnosis is clear-cut if ECGs show elevation of the "ST segment", which in the context of severe typical chest pain is strongly indicative of an acute myocardial infarction (MI); this is termed a STEMI (ST-elevation MI), and is treated as an emergency with either urgent coronary angiography and percutaneous coronary intervention (angioplasty with or without stent insertion) or with thrombolysis ("clot buster" medication), whichever is available. In the absence of ST-segment elevation, heart damage is detected by cardiac markers (blood tests that identify heart muscle damage). If there is evidence of damage (infarction), the chest pain is attributed to a "non-ST elevation MI" (NSTEMI). If there is no evidence of damage, the term "unstable angina" is used. This process usually necessitates admission to hospital, and close observation on a coronary care unit for possible complications (such as cardiac arrhythmias – irregularities in the heart rate). Depending on the risk assessment, stress testing or angiography may be used to identify and treat coronary artery disease in patients who have had an NSTEMI or unstable angina.

Risk assessment

There are various risk assessment systems for determining the risk of coronary artery disease, with various emphasis on different variables above. A notable example is Framingham Score, used in the Framingham Heart Study. It is mainly based on age, gender, diabetes, total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, tobacco smoking and systolic blood pressure.

Prevention

Prevention involves: exercise, decreasing obesity, treating hypertension, a healthy diet, decreasing cholesterol levels, and stopping smoking. Medications and exercise are roughly equally effective.^[49]

In diabetes mellitus, there is little evidence that very tight blood sugar control improves cardiac risk although improved sugar control appears to decrease other problems like kidney failure and blindness. The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends "low to moderate alcohol intake" to reduce risk of coronary artery disease while high intake increases the risk.^[50]

Diet

A diet high in fruits and vegetables decreases the risk of cardiovascular disease and death.^[51] Vegetarians have a lower risk of heart disease,^[52]^[53] possibly due to their greater consumption of fruits and vegetables.^[54] Evidence also suggests that the Mediterranean diet^[55] and a high fiber diet lower the risk.^[56]

The consumption of trans fat (commonly found in hydrogenated products such as margarine) has been shown to cause a precursor to atherosclerosis^[57] and increase the risk of coronary artery disease.^[58]

Evidence does not support a beneficial role for omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in preventing cardiovascular disease (including myocardial infarction and sudden cardiac death).^[59]^[60] There is tentative evidence that menaquinone (Vitamin K₂), but not phylloquinone (Vitamin K₁), intake may reduce the risk of CAD mortality.^[61]

Secondary prevention

Secondary prevention is preventing further sequelae of already established disease. Lifestyle changes that have been shown to be effective to this goal include:

Weight control
Smoking cessation
Avoiding the consumption of trans fats (in partially hydrogenated oils)
Exercise. In people with coronary artery disease, aerobic exercise, like walking, jogging, or swimming, can reduce the risk of mortality.^[62] Aerobic exercise can help decrease blood pressure and the amount of blood cholesterol (LDL) over time. It also increases HDL cholesterol which is considered as "good cholesterol".^[63]^[64] Separate to the question of the benefits of exercise; it is unclear whether doctors should spend time counseling patients to exercise. The U.S. Preventive Services Task Force, found "insufficient evidence" to recommend that doctors counsel patients on exercise, but "it did not review the evidence for the effectiveness of physical activity to reduce chronic disease, morbidity and mortality", it only examined the effectiveness of the counseling itself.^[65]

The American Heart Association, based on a non-systematic review, recommends that doctors counsel patients on exercise.^[66]

Decrease psychosocial stress.^[67]

Management

There are a number of treatment options for coronary artery disease:^[68]

Lifestyle changes
Medical treatment – drugs (e.g., cholesterol lowering medications, beta-blockers, nitroglycerin, calcium antagonists, etc.);
Coronary interventions as angioplasty and coronary stent;
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG)

Medications

Statins, which reduce cholesterol, reduce risk of coronary disease^[69]
Nitroglycerin^{[citation needed]}
Calcium channel blockers and/or beta-blockers^{[citation needed]}
Antiplatelet drugs such as aspirin^{[citation needed]}

It is recommended that blood pressure typically be reduced to less than 140/90 mmHg.^[70] The diastolic blood pressure however should not be lower than 60 mmHg. Beta blockers are recommended first line for this use.^[70]

Aspirin

In those with no other heart problems aspirin decreases the risk of a myocardial infarction in men but not women and increases the risk of bleeding, most of which is from the stomach. It does not affect the overall risk of death in either men or women.^[71] It is thus only recommended in adults who are at increased risk for coronary artery disease^[72] where increased risk is defined as 'men older than 90 years of age, postmenopausal women, and younger persons with risk factors for coronary artery disease (for example, hypertension, diabetes, or smoking) are at increased risk for heart disease and may wish to consider aspirin therapy'. More specifically, high-risk persons are 'those with a 5-year risk ≥ 3%'.^{[citation needed]}

Anti-platelet therapy

Clopidogrel plus aspirin reduces cardiovascular events more than aspirin alone in those with an STEMI. In others at high risk but not having an acute event the evidence is weak.^[73] Specifically its use does not change the risk of death in this group.^[74] In those who have had a stent more than 12 months of clopidogrel plus aspirin does not affect the risk of death.^[75]

Surgery

Revascularization for acute coronary syndrome has a mortality benefit.^[76] Revascularization for stable ischaemic heart disease does not appear to have benefits over medical therapy alone.^[77] In those with disease in more than one artery coronary artery bypass grafts appear better than percutaneous coronary interventions.^[78]^[79]

Epidemiology

Disability-adjusted life year for ischaemic heart disease per 100,000 inhabitants in 2004.^[80]

no data

<350

350–700

700–1050

1050–1400

1400–1750

1750–2100

2100–2450

2450–2800

2800–3150

3150–3500

3500–4000

>4000

CAD as of 2010 was the leading cause of death globally resulting in over 7 million deaths.^[81] This is up from 5.2 million deaths in 1990.^[81] It may affect individuals at any age but becomes dramatically more common at progressively older ages, with approximately a tripling with each decade of life.^[82] Males are affected more often than females.^[82]

It is estimated that 60% of the world's cardiovascular disease burden will occur in the South Asian subcontinent despite only accounting for 20% of the world's population. This may be secondary to a combination of genetic predisposition and environmental factors. Organizations such as the Indian Heart Association are working with the World Heart Federation to raise awareness about this issue.^[83]

Coronary heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of death for both men and women and accounts for approximately 600,000 deaths in the United States every year.^[84] According to present trends in the United States, half of healthy 40-year-old men will develop CAD in the future, and one in three healthy 40-year-old women.^[85] It is the most common reason for death of men and women over 20 years of age in the United States.^[86]

Society and culture

Names

Other terms sometimes used for this condition are "hardening of the arteries" and "narrowing of the arteries".^[87]

Support groups

The Infarct Combat Project (ICP) is an international nonprofit organization founded in 1998 which trys to decrease ischemic heart diseases through education and research.^[88]^[89]

Research

Recent research efforts focus on new angiogenic treatment modalities (angiogenesis) and various (adult) stem cell therapies. A region on Chromosome 17 was confined to families with multiple cases of myocardial infarction.^[90]

A more controversial link is that between Chlamydophila pneumoniae infection and atherosclerosis.^[91] While this intracellular organism has been demonstrated in atherosclerotic plaques, evidence is inconclusive as to whether it can be considered a causative factor.^{[citation needed]} Treatment with antibiotics in patients with proven atherosclerosis has not demonstrated a decreased risk of heart attacks or other coronary vascular diseases.^[92]

Since the 1990s the search for new treatment options for coronary artery disease patients, particularly for so called "no-option" coronary patients, focused on usage of angiogenesis^[93] and (adult) stem cell therapies. Numerous clinical trials were performed, either applying protein (angiogenic growth factor) therapies, such as FGF-1 or VEGF, or cell therapies using different kinds of adult stem cell populations. Research is still going on - with first promising results particularly for FGF-1^[94]^[95] and utilization of endothelial progenitor cells.

Myeloperoxidase has been proposed as a biomarker.^[96]

References

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External links

Risk Assessment of having a heart attack or dying of coronary artery disease, from the American Heart Association.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 狭心症：冠動脈閉塞による胸痛angina pectoris chest pain caused by coronary artery obstruction [show details]
…Most patients with myocardial ischemia will present with classic angina pectoris as the primary clinical manifestation. Classic angina pectoris is described as a pressure, heaviness, tightness, or constriction …
2. 安定した虚血性心疾患：ケアの概要stable ischemic heart disease overview of care [show details]
…disease (SIHD) based on a classic history of angina pectoris in the presence of either risk factors for or known atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Angina pectoris, or angina for short, refers to chest discomfort …
3. 急性冠症候群：定義および分類acute coronary syndrome terminology and classification [show details]
…preceding 48 hours (crescendo angina) The natural history of new onset angina depends in part upon the degree of exertion required to induce chest pain. Patients with new onset angina occurring only after …
4. 狭心症の新しい治療法new therapies for angina pectoris [show details]
…coronary intervention (PCI), a significant number of patients with ischemic heart disease and angina pectoris cannot be successfully managed. Many of these patients are not candidates for revascularization …
5. 安定狭心症のマネージメントにおける硝酸塩nitrates in the management of stable angina pectoris [show details]
…added to beta blockers (with or without calcium channel blockers) to control stable angina. In patients with exertional stable angina, chronic nitrate therapy using oral or dermal preparations improves exercise …

English Journal

Prevalence and Significance of Unrecognized Renal Dysfunction in Patients with Acute Coronary Syndrome.

Rozenbaum Z1, Leader A2, Neuman Y3, Shlezinger M4, Goldenberg I5, Mosseri M3, Pereg D6.
The American journal of medicine.Am J Med.2016 Feb;129(2):187-94. doi: 10.1016/j.amjmed.2015.08.017. Epub 2015 Sep 5.
BACKGROUND: Unrecognized renal insufficiency, defined as estimated glomerular filtration rate <60 mL/min/1.73 m(2) in the presence of normal serum creatinine, is common among patients with acute coronary syndrome. We aimed to determine the prevalence and clinical significance of unrecognized ren
PMID 26344629

Comparative Analysis of Midtrimester Amniotic Fluid Cytokine Levels to Predict Spontaneous Very Pre-term Birth in Patients with Cervical Insufficiency.

Son GH1, You YA2, Kwon EJ3, Lee KY1, Kim YJ2,3.
American journal of reproductive immunology (New York, N.Y. : 1989).Am J Reprod Immunol.2016 Feb;75(2):155-61. doi: 10.1111/aji.12451. Epub 2015 Nov 21.
PROBLEM: Few studies have investigated the roles of cytokines and chemokines in women with cervical insufficiency, and those that have done so evaluated only a limited number of cytokines in amniotic fluid.METHOD OF STUDY: A retrospective cohort study enrolled 71 patients undergoing physical examina
PMID 26589553

Disuse Atrophy of the Aortic Valve After Left Ventricular Assist Device Implantation.

Ushijima T1, Tanoue Y2, Ide T3, Okano S4, Oda Y4, Tominaga R1.
The Annals of thoracic surgery.Ann Thorac Surg.2016 Feb;101(2):742-4. doi: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2015.03.047.
A 31-year-old woman underwent implantation of a DuraHeart left ventricular assist device as bridge to transplantation. Aortic insufficiency was not observed before implantation but developed after implantation and became severe approximately 2 years later. Macroscopically, the aortic valve excised d
PMID 26777926

Japanese Journal

胸骨ワイヤー抜去時に出血をきたした仮性動脈瘤の1例

末松義弘,河田光弘,岡村賢一,森住誠
日本臨床外科学会雑誌 75(6), 1523-1526, 2014
症例は41歳，女性．2012年1月，Stanford A型急性大動脈解離を発症し，他院にて緊急上行大動脈置換術+大腿動脈－大腿動脈バイパスが施行された．同年4月のCTにて上行大動脈の人工血管中枢側吻合部の仮性動脈瘤を指摘され，当院に紹介された．仮性動脈瘤の増大および大動脈閉鎖不全の悪化にて手術目的にて入院．術中，再開胸時にワイヤーを解いたところ，ワイヤー孔から大出血をきたし，吻合部仮性瘤内に胸骨ワ …
NAID 130004901227

右小開胸による心拍動下僧帽弁再手術の経験

仲村輝也,泉谷裕則,関谷直純,桝田浩禎,澤芳樹
日本心臓血管外科学会雑誌 43(2), 58-61, 2014
僧帽弁再手術の機会は増加しているが，初回手術に比べてハイリスクであるため術式の工夫が必要である．当院で行っている右開胸，心拍動下手術の経験について報告する．2008年より施行した3例（男2例，59～76歳）を対象とした．再胸骨正中切開のリスクの内訳として，冠動脈バイパス術後に開存グラフトを有する症例が2例で，創部感染の既往のある症例が1例であった．施行した術式は僧帽弁置換術2例，弁形成術1例であり …
NAID 130004548495

Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosterone System Polymorphisms and 5-Year Mortality in Survivors of Acute Myocardial Infarction:A Report From the Osaka Acute Coronary Insufficiency Study

, , , , , , , , , , , , , , , ,
International Heart Journal 55(3), 190-196, 2014
… This study sought to evaluate whether genetic variants in the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS) have an impact on long-term mortality after acute myocardial infarction (AMI) in the percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) era. …
NAID 130004449392

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「冠不全」
関連記事	「insufficiency」「coronary」「corona」

「冠不全」

Coronary artery disease
	Illustration depicting atherosclerosis in a coronary artery.
Classification and external resources
Synonyms	atherosclerotic heart disease, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, coronary heart disease
Specialty	Cardiology, cardiac surgery
ICD-10	I20-I25
ICD-9-CM	410-414, 429.2
MedlinePlus	007115
eMedicine	radio/192
Patient UK	Coronary artery disease
MeSH	D003324
	[edit on Wikidata]

　　[★]

英: coronary insufficiency

「insufficiency」

　　[★]

n.

不全、不全症、機能不全、機能不全症、不足、不十分、(心臓)弁閉鎖不全、弁閉鎖不全症

関: dearth、deficient、deficit、dysfunction、failing、failure、hypofunction、imperfecta、in short、inadequate、incompetence、insufficient、insufficiently、lack、low、malfunction、paucity、poorly、regurgitation、scanty、scarce、scarcity、short、shortage、shortness、stun

「coronary」

　　[★]

adj.

冠血管の、冠状動脈の

関: coronary artery、coronary vessel

「corona」

　　[★] コロナ帯　　　　　

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[2] Faxon, D. P. (1 June 2004). "Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference: Executive Summary: Atherosclerotic Vascular Disease Conference Proceeding for Healthcare Professionals From a Special Writing Group of the American Heart Association". Circulation 109 (21): 2595–2604. doi:10.1161/01.CIR.0000128517.52533.DB.

[3] "Coronary heart disease". NIH. Retrieved 15 September 2013.

[4] Bhatia, Sujata K. (2010). Biomaterials for clinical applications (Online-Ausg. ed.). New York: Springer. p. 23. ISBN 9781441969200.

[Wong2014-5] Wong, ND (May 2014). "Epidemiological studies of CHD and the evolution of preventive cardiology.". Nature reviews. Cardiology 11 (5): 276–89. doi:10.1038/nrcardio.2014.26. PMID 24663092.

[GDB2013-6] GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death, Collaborators (17 December 2014). "Global, regional, and national age-sex specific all-cause and cause-specific mortality for 240 causes of death, 1990-2013: a systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013.". Lancet 385: 117–171. doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(14)61682-2. PMC 4340604. PMID 25530442.

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coronary insufficiency