WordNet

easily frightened (同)chickenhearted, lily-livered, white-livered, yellow, yellow-bellied
a domestic fowl bred for flesh or eggs; believed to have been developed from the red jungle fowl (同)Gallus_gallus
the flesh of a chicken used for food (同)poulet, volaille
a foolhardy competition; a dangerous activity that is continued until one competitor becomes afraid and stops
a harmful or corrupting agency; "bigotry is a virus that must not be allowed to spread"; "the virus of jealousy is latent in everyone"
(virology) ultramicroscopic infectious agent that replicates itself only within cells of living hosts; many are pathogenic; a piece of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) wrapped in a thin coat of protein
a software program capable of reproducing itself and usually capable of causing great harm to files or other programs on the same computer; "a true virus cannot spread to another computer without human assistance" (同)computer virus
young bird especially of domestic fowl (同)biddy
a deficiency of red blood cells (同)anaemia
a lack of vitality (同)anaemia
genus of terrestrial or lithophytic ferns having pinnatifid fronds; chiefly of tropical America (同)genus Anemia

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉『ひよこ』,(一般に)ひな鳥 / 〈C〉《米》(一般に)鶏《英》fowl) / 〈U〉ひな鳥の肉,鶏肉 / 〈C〉《米話》青二才;小娘 / 〈C〉《俗》おくびょう者 / 鶏肉の / 小さい / 《俗》おくびょうな
ビールス,ろ過性病原体
ひよこ,(一般に)ひな鳥 / (親愛の情をこめて)子供 / 《米俗》小娘

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/06/08 10:54:29」(JST)

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Introduction

Chicken anaemia virus, or CAV, is a member of the circoviridae family. It is a non-enveloped icosahedral single stranded DNA virus.

Infection causes anaemia, bone marrow atrophy, and severe immunosuppression in poultry as the virus affects the production of red blood cells (RBC), white blood cells (WBC) and platelets. Clinical signs of CAV infection are predominantly found in young chicks due to vertical transmission from the breeder hens whose maternal antibodies have not yet formed following exposure. Clinical disease is rare today because of the widespread practice of vaccinating breeders, but the subclinical form of the disease - which normally affects birds more than two weeks of age following horizontal transmission of the virus via the oro-faecal route - is ubiquitous. Additionally, the virus is very resistant in the environment, making elimination very difficult. It is not a zoonosis. ^[1] The vaccine has the ATCvet code QI01AD04

The disease/virus has many names including chicken anaemia, blue wing disease, anaemia dermatitis syndrome, chicken/avian infectious anaemia, haemorrhagic aplastic anaemia syndrome, infectious chicken anaemia, chicken infectious anaemia virus and chicken anaemia agent.

Clinical signs and diagnosis

Clinical signs include a pale comb, wattle, eyelids, legs and carcass, anorexia, weakness, stunting, unthriftiness, weight loss, cyanosis, petechiation and ecchymoses, lethargy and sudden death. Neurological signs include dullness, depression and paresis. Subclinical infection my cause reduced growth rates and other health problems.

A presumptive diagnosis can be made based on the clinical signs and a low haematocrit reading (<27%). Virus isolation, increased antibody titres, immunoperoxidase staining, ELISA, PCR or indirect immunofluorescence can be used to confirm the presence of the virus. Post mortem finding should show significant atrophy of the lymphoid organs, haemorrhage throughout the tissues and pale watery bone marrow.

Treatment and control

There is no specific treatment for infected birds. Culling of infected birds is normally performed in infected commercial flocks. Birds that have been infected develop immunity to the virus.

Vertical spread of the disease can be controlled by the vaccination of breeding hens with both live attenuated and wild vaccines. These vaccines reduce the vertical transmission rate. Appropriate hygiene and biosecurity measures should be employed to control the disease.

External Links

http://www.merckmanuals.com/vet/poultry/chicken_anemia_virus_infection/overview_of_chicken_anemia_virus_infection.html

References

^ Sommer F, Cardona C (2003). "Chicken anemia virus in broilers: dynamics of the infection in two commercial broiler flocks". Avian Dis. 47 (4): 1466–73. doi:10.1637/7048. PMID 14708998.

2. Chicken Anaemia Virus Disease, expert reviewed and published by Wikivet at http://en.wikivet.net/Chicken_Anaemia_Virus_Disease, accessed 30/08/2011.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Potent growth-inhibitory effect of a dual cancer-specific oncolytic adenovirus expressing apoptin on prostate carcinoma.

Zhang M, Wang J, Li C, Hu N, Wang K, Ji H, He D, Quan C, Li X, Jin N, Li Y.SourceDepartment of Urology, China-Japan Union Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun 130031, P.R. China.
International journal of oncology.Int J Oncol.2013 Mar;42(3):1052-60. doi: 10.3892/ijo.2013.1783. Epub 2013 Jan 21.
Apoptin is a chicken anemia virus-derived, p53-independent, bcl-2-insensitive apoptotic protein with the ability to specifically induce apoptosis in various human tumor cells, but not in normal cells. To explore the use of apoptin in tumor gene therapy, we assessed a recombinant adenovirus expressin
PMID 23338489

Apoptin induces apoptosis in nude mice allograft model of human bladder cancer by altering multiple bladder tumor-associated gene expression profiles.

Wang C, Wang W, Wang J, Zhan H, Jiang L, Yan R, Hou Z, Zhu H, Yu L, Shi Y, Ding M, Ke C.SourceDepartment of Urology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, 650101, Yunnan, People's Republic of China.
Tumour biology : the journal of the International Society for Oncodevelopmental Biology and Medicine.Tumour Biol.2013 Feb 22. [Epub ahead of print]
Bladder cancer (BC) is one of the most common human malignancies that account for major death in the world. Apoptin that is derived from chicken anemia virus (CAV) has displayed tumor-specific cytotoxic activity in a variety of human carcinomas. However, the magical function of apoptin in bladder ca
PMID 23430583

Mitotic catastrophe triggered in human cancer cells by the viral protein apoptin.

Lanz HL, Zimmerman RM, Brouwer J, Noteborn MH, Backendorf C.SourceDepartment of Molecular Genetics, Leiden Institute of Chemistry, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.
Cell death & disease.Cell Death Dis.2013 Feb 7;4:e487. doi: 10.1038/cddis.2013.2.
Mitotic catastrophe is an oncosuppressive mechanism that senses mitotic failure leading to cell death or senescence. As such, it protects against aneuploidy and genetic instability, and its induction in cancer cells by exogenous agents is currently seen as a promising therapeutic end point. Apoptin,
PMID 23392175

Japanese Journal

Pathological and Immunohistochemical Studies of Subclinical Infection of Chicken Anemia Virus in 4-Week-Old Chickens

HARIDY Mohie,SASAKI Jun,IKEZAWA Mitsutaka [他],OKADA Kosuke,GORYO Masanobu
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 74(6), 757-764, 2012
… Subclinical infection of chicken anemia virus (CAV) at 4 to 6 weeks of age, after maternal antibodies have waned, is implicated in several field problems in broiler flocks. … Neither mortality nor anemia was detected in the CAV and control groups. …
NAID 130002090065

Comparative Susceptibility of Some Avian and Mammalian Lymphoblastoid Cell Lines to Chicken Anemia Virus

Haridy Mohie,Goryo Masanobu,Sasaki Jun [他],OKADA Kosuke
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 72(12), 1637-1641, 2010
… Although MSB1 is the most-commonly used lymphoblastoid cell line for isolation of chicken anemia virus (CAV), some researchers have reported a few biological drawbacks. … The virus titers of both strains were higher in MSB1 and BK3 (106.5-7.5 TCID50/0.1 ml) than in HP2, CU10 and HP1 (103.5-4.5 TCID50/0.1 ml). …
NAID 130000307687

Intestinal Volvulus with Coagulative Hepatic Necrosis in a Chicken

Haridy Mohie,Goryo Masanobu,Sasaki Jun [他],OKADA Kosuke
Journal of Veterinary Medical Science 72(4), 489-492, 2010
… A 7-week-old SPF chicken inoculated at 4 weeks of age with chicken anemia virus was puffed up depressed and had ruffled feathers and a good body condition. … Immunosuppression might have predisposed the chicken to intestinal and cecal tonsil infection that then progressed to volvulus. …
NAID 130000134547