WordNet

a group of plants or animals
arrange into a group or groups; "Can you group these shapes together?"
(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule (同)radical, chemical group
any number of entities (members) considered as a unit (同)grouping
a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse (同)mathematical group
form a group or group together (同)aggroup
the activity of putting things together in groups
a system for classifying things into groups (同)pigeonholing
of parents and children; related by blood; "biological child"
pertaining to biology or to life and living things (同)biologic
arranged into groups (同)sorted

PrepTutorEJDIC

(…の)『群れ』,集まり,小集団《+of+名》 / (主義・系統・種類などを同じくする人・物の)『派』,『団体』 / (ポミュラーソング歌手の)グループ / (動・植物分類上の)群;(化学の)基,原子団;(地質学上の)界;(数学の)群;(言語学上の)語派 / …‘を'一群に集める,一団にする《+『名』+『together』》 / (系統的に)…‘を'分類する,調和よく配合する《+『名』+『together』》 / 集まる,群(集団)をなす
グループに分けること;分類法 / (集まった物の)配置,配合

UpToDate Contents

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1. 赤血球抗原および抗体のプライマー a primer of red blood cell antigens and antibodies
2. C群およびG群レンサ球菌感染症 group c and group g streptococcal infection
3. B群レンサ球菌感染症予防のための予防接種 vaccines for the prevention of group b streptococcal disease
4. 成人におけるA群レンサ球菌（Streptococcus pyogenes）性菌血症 group a streptococcal streptococcus pyogenes bacteremia in adults
5. PANDAS：A群レンサ球菌が関連した小児自己免疫性神経精神疾患 pandas pediatric autoimmune neuropsychiatric disorder associated with group a streptococci

English Journal

Functional group dependent dielectric properties of sulfated hydrocolloids extracted from green macroalgal biomass.

Tsubaki S1, Hiraoka M2, Hadano S3, Nishimura H4, Kashimura K4, Mitani T4.Author information 1Oceanography Section, Science Research Center, Kochi University, Akebono-cho 2-5-1, Kochi, Japan. Electronic address: stsubaki@kochi-u.ac.jp.2Oceanography Section, Science Research Center, Kochi University, Akebono-cho 2-5-1, Kochi, Japan; Usa Marine Biological Institute, Kochi University, Inoshiri, Usa, Tosa, Kochi, Japan.3Department of Applied Science, Faculty of Science, Kochi University, Akebono-cho 2-5-1, Kochi, Japan.4Research Institute for Sustainable Humanosphere, Kyoto University, Gokasho, Uji 611-0011, Japan.AbstractDielectric properties of aqueous solutions of sulfated hydrocolloids (ulvan and rhamnan sulfate) extracted from green macroalgal biomass were studied in a frequency range of 100MHz-10GHz. Counterion exchange of native hydrocolloids (mixture of Na(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+)) to H(+)-form showed significant increase in loss factor due to ionic conduction. On the other hand, desulfations decreased their loss factors. The results suggested that ionic conduction of H(+) has significant contribution to loss factors. Additionally, H(+)-form hydrocolloids showed significant improvement in hydration, which might also affect the dielectric property of the solution by reducing the amount of free water. The viscosity, however, did not show apparent relevance with the dielectric property.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2014 Jul 17;107:192-7. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.03.002. Epub 2014 Mar 11.
Dielectric properties of aqueous solutions of sulfated hydrocolloids (ulvan and rhamnan sulfate) extracted from green macroalgal biomass were studied in a frequency range of 100MHz-10GHz. Counterion exchange of native hydrocolloids (mixture of Na(+), Mg(2+) and Ca(2+)) to H(+)-form showed significan
PMID 24702935

Preparation and antibacterial activity studies of degraded polysaccharide selenide from Enteromorpha prolifera.

Lü H1, Gao Y2, Shan H3, Lin Y3.Author information 1College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China. Electronic address: htlu6@sina.com.2College of Chemistry and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.3College of Animal Science and Technology, Qingdao Agricultural University, Qingdao 266109, China.AbstractPolysaccharide extracted from Enteromorpha prolifera possessed excellent biological activities, but its molecular weight was greatly high which influenced the activity. Organic Se had higher biological activities and was safer than inorganic Se species. In the present study, degraded polysaccharide selenide (Se-LEP) was synthesized from sodium selenite and degraded polysaccharide (LEP) with the catalysis of nitric acid. The preparation conditions of LEP and Se-LEP were optimized by orthogonal experiments. The selenite ester group was formed, and the selenium content was 1335.27µg/g. The thermal stability of Se-LEP decreased. LEP had less inhibitory effects on bacteria and plant pathogenic fungi. Se-LEP had stronger inhibitory effect on Eschetichia coli, and weaker inhibitory effect on Staphylococcus aureus than polysaccharide selenide (Se-EP). Se-LEP also had better inhibitory effects on plant pathogenic fungi.
Carbohydrate polymers.Carbohydr Polym.2014 Jul 17;107:98-102. doi: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2014.02.045. Epub 2014 Feb 22.
Polysaccharide extracted from Enteromorpha prolifera possessed excellent biological activities, but its molecular weight was greatly high which influenced the activity. Organic Se had higher biological activities and was safer than inorganic Se species. In the present study, degraded polysaccharide
PMID 24702923

The promotion of cytoskeleton integration and redox in the haemocyte of shrimp Litopenaeus vannamei after the successive stimulation of recombinant VP28.

Wang L1, Sun X2, Zhou Z1, Zhang T2, Yi Q2, Liu R1, Wang M1, Song L3.Author information 1Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China.2Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China.3Key Laboratory of Experimental Marine Biology, Institute of Oceanology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao 266071, China. Electronic address: lshsong@qdio.ac.cn.AbstractVP28 protein has been reported to work as a "vaccine" to protect the host from white spot syndrome, but the detailed mechanism of vaccination with VP28 protein in shrimp is still far from well understood. In the present study, whole transcriptomes of shrimp haemocytes were sequenced using the SOLiD4 platform after the successive VP28 stimulation. Eight single-end fragment libraries were constructed and sequenced in the four groups including the VP28-VP28, PBS-VP28, PBS-PBS and BLANK group, and there were 243,949,667 single-end reads with length of 50bp obtained totally, with 14,800 genes further identified. After reads mapping and transcript assembling, 1027, 1539, 1158, 1091 and 1300 genes in five differentially expressed gene lists were obtained in the comparison of VP28-VP28 versus PBS-VP28, VP28-VP28 versus PBS-PBS, VP28-VP28 versus BLANK, PBS-VP28 versus PBS-PBS and PBS-VP28 versus BLANK, respectively. There were 555 differentially expressed genes responsive to the single VP28 stimulation after grouping the PBS-VP28_BLANK and PBS-VP28_PBS-PBS gene lists, and 269 ones responsive to the successive VP28 stimulation after grouping the VP28-VP28_BLANK, VP28-VP28_PBS-PBS and VP28-VP28_PBS-VP28 gene lists. In the GO enrichment analysis of the genes responsive to the single VP28 stimulation, five immune-related GO terms were observed among 14 increased terms, which included defense response to bacterium, response to stimulus, disruption of cells of other organism, killing of cells of other organism and response to bacterium. It was worth noting that the GO terms, response to stimulus and response to stress, were the most common annotation ones which accounted 28.7% and 18.8% of the total differently expressed genes, respectively. For the genes responsive to the successive VP28 stimulation, terms including actin filament-based movement and myosin heavy chain binding were mostly enriched in the Biological Process and Molecular Function category, respectively. In the Cellular Component category, the enriched GO terms were myosin VII complex, myosin V complex, myosin VI complex and myosin II complex. Furthermore, the most abundant GO term was oxidation-reduction process, followed by single-organism transport, neurogenesis and translation for 214 genes only responsive to successive VP28 stimulation. These results collectively indicated that the successive VP28 stimulation could modulate cytoskeleton integration and redox to promote the phagocytosis activity of shrimp haemocytes, which might protect effectively for shrimp against WSSV infection.
Developmental and comparative immunology.Dev Comp Immunol.2014 Jul;45(1):123-32. doi: 10.1016/j.dci.2014.02.013. Epub 2014 Mar 2.
VP28 protein has been reported to work as a "vaccine" to protect the host from white spot syndrome, but the detailed mechanism of vaccination with VP28 protein in shrimp is still far from well understood. In the present study, whole transcriptomes of shrimp haemocytes were sequenced using the SOLiD4
PMID 24594136

Japanese Journal

Quantitative Structure-Cytotoxicity Relationship of 3-Styrylchromones

島田智哉子,植沢芳広,Ishii-Nozawa Reiko,石原真理子,Kagaya Hajime,金本大成 /寺久保繁美,中島秀喜,高尾浩一,杉田義昭,坂上宏
Anticancer Research 34(10), 5405-5412, 2014-10
… Background: Fifteen 3-styrylchromones were subjected to quantitative structure?activity relationship (QSAR) analysis based on their cytotoxicity, tumor selectivity and anti-HIV activity, in order to explore their biological activities. … Especially, compounds that have a methoxy group at 6-position of the chromone ring and hydroxyl group at 4'-position of phenyl group in styryl moiety [11] showed the highest tumor-selectivity. …
NAID 120005497078

Chromosomal differentiation of schistosomes: what is the message?

Hirai Hirohisa
Frontiers in Genetics 5, 2014-09-08
… As the only group of flukes with dioecism, schistosomes are unique organisms; … they not only have intriguing biological and evolutionary aspects but also are responsible for major public health problems in the developing world. … In order to facilitate the discovery of eradication methods for this disease, fundamental biological outcomes must be made available. …
NAID 120005473092

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Lin Han Chien,Tseng Li-Ying,Lai Ying-Jang,Wu She-Ching,Fujimoto Noboru
Journal of the Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University 59(2), 321-331, 2014-08-29
… This study prepared agricultural waste corn cob, bagasse pith and mushroom stalk activated carbons at different activation temperatures, and selected the activated carbon (AC) with better yield and iodine value for cytotoxicity and mutagenicity tests as well as biological safety assessment. … The selected AC in regard to toxicity, the amount of residual bacteria was larger than that of the control group by more than 80%, meaning no cytotoxicity. …
NAID 120005472183