WordNet

to remain unmolested, undisturbed, or uninterrupted -- used only in infinitive form; "let her be"
work in a specific place, with a specific subject, or in a specific function; "He is a herpetologist"; "She is our resident philosopher" (同)follow
have life, be alive; "Our great leader is no more"; "My grandfather lived until the end of war" (同)live
be identical to; be someone or something; "The president of the company is John Smith"; "This is my house"
happen, occur, take place; "I lost my wallet; this was during the visit to my parents house"; "There were two hundred people at his funeral"; "There was a lot of noise in the kitchen"
have the quality of being; (copula, used with an adjective or a predicate noun); "John is rich"; "This is not a good answer"
occupy a certain position or area; be somewhere; "Where is my umbrella?" "The toolshed is in the back"; "What is behind this behavior?"
spend or use time; "I may be an hour"
any of numerous hairy-bodied insects including social and solitary species
a social gathering to carry out some communal task or to hold competitions
the state or fact of existing; "a point of view gradually coming into being"; "laws in existence for centuries" (同)beingness, existence
toxin secreted by animals; secreted by certain snakes and poisonous insects (e.g., spiders and scorpions)
full of malice or hate; "venomed remarks"

PrepTutorEJDIC

《連結語として補語を伴なって…『である』,…だ,…です / 《位置・場所を表す語句を伴って》(…に)『ある』,いる(occupy a place or situation) / 〈物事が〉『存在する』,ある(exist);〈生物が〉生存する,生きている(live) / 行われる,起こる,発生する(take place, occur) / 存続する,そのままでいる(remain as before) / 《『be to』 do》 / …する予定である,…することになっている / …すべきだ / 《受動態の不定詞を伴って》…できる / 《命令》…するのだ / 《条件節に》…する意図がある / 《『if…were to』 do》…するとしたなら / 《『be』 do『ing』》《進行形》 / 《進行中の動作》…している,しつつある / 《近い未来》…しようとしている,するつもり / 《動作の反復》(いつも)…している / 《『be』+『他動詞の過去分詞』》《受動態》…される,されている / 《『be』+『自動詞の過去分詞』》《完了形》…した[状態にある]
『はち』,(特に)みつばち(honeybee) / 《米話》(趣味・仕事上の)集会,集い / (親善のための)競技会 / 働き者
〈U〉存在,実在(existence);生命(life) / 〈U〉本質,本性(nature) / 〈C〉生き物
存在 (existence); もの; 生存, 人生 (life); 生き物; 人間 (human being); [B#] 神; 【哲】本質, 本性
(ヘビ・サソリ・クモ・ハチなどの)毒,毒液 / 悪意,恨み,憎悪

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/09/26 20:32:32」(JST)

wiki en

[Wiki en表示]

Apitoxin, or honey bee venom, is a bitter colourless liquid. The active portion of the venom is a complex mixture of proteins, which causes local inflammation and acts as an anticoagulant. The venom is produced in the abdomen of worker bees from a mixture of acidic and basic secretions. Apitoxin is acidic (pH 4.5 to 5.5). A honeybee can inject 0.1 mg of venom via its stinger. Apitoxin may have similarities to sea nettle toxin.^[1] It is estimated that 1% of the population is allergic to bee stings.^{[citation needed]}

Bee venom therapy is used by some as a treatment for rheumatism and joint diseases due to its anticoagulant and anti-inflammatory properties. It is also used to desensitize people allergic to insect stings. Bee venom therapy can also be delivered in the form of Bee Venom Balm although this may be less potent than using live bee stings.^[2] Bee Venom can be found in numerous beauty products. It is believed to increase blood flow therefore plumping the applied area, producing collagen. This effect aids in smoothing out lines and wrinkles. ^[3]

Components of Apitoxin[edit]

The main component is melittin comprising 52% of venom peptides.^[4] Melittin is a strong anti-inflammatory agent and induces the production of cortisol in the body.

Apamin increases cortisol production in the adrenal gland. Apamin is a mild neurotoxin.
Adolapin,^[5] comprising 2–5% of the peptides, acts as an anti-inflammatory and analgesic because it blocks cyclooxygenase.
Phospholipase A2 amounts to 10–12% of peptides and it is the most destructive component of apitoxin. It is an enzyme which degrades the phospholipids which cellular membranes are made of. It also causes decreased blood pressure and inhibits blood coagulation. Phospholipase A2 activates arachidonic acid which is metabolized in the cyclooxygenase-cycle to form prostaglandins. Prostaglandins regulate the body's inflammatory response. The toxin from wasps contains phospholipase A1.
Hyaluronidase comprising 1–3% of peptides dilates the capillaries causing the spread of inflammation.
Histamine comprising 0.5–2% and is involved in the allergic response.
Dopamine and noradrenaline which comprise 1–2% increase pulse rate.
Protease-inhibitors comprise 2% and act as anti-inflammatory agents and stop bleeding.
Tertiapin is also a component in bee venom.

Footnotes[edit]

^ http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=1968071
^ "Treatment with Bee Venom".
^ "Top 5 Weird Ingredients Found In Beauty Products".
^ Meier J, White J. (1995). Clinical toxicology of animal venoms and poisons. CRC Press, Inc. ISBN 0-8493-4489-1.
^ Adolapin

External links[edit]

Apitoxin at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

UpToDate Contents

全文を閲覧するには購読必要です。 To read the full text you will need to subscribe.

1. ハチ毒免疫療法：有効性、適応、および作用機序 hymenoptera venom immunotherapy efficacy indications and mechanism of action
2. ハチ毒アレルギーの診断 diagnosis of hymenoptera venom allergy
3. ハチ毒免疫療法：技術的問題、プロトコル、副作用、およびモニタリング hymenoptera venom immunotherapy technical issues protocols adverse effects and monitoring
4. ハチ毒免疫療法：治療期間の決定 hymenoptera venom immunotherapy determining duration of therapy
5. ミツバチ、スズメバチ、および他の膜翅目刺傷：反応の型および急性期マネージメント bee yellow jacket wasp and other hymenoptera stings reaction types and acute management

English Journal

Effects of bee venom on glutamate-induced toxicity in neuronal and glial cells.

Lee SM, Yang EJ, Choi SM, Kim SH, Baek MG, Jiang JH.SourceDepartment of Standard Research, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, 483 Expo-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, 305-811, Republic of Korea.
Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM.Evid Based Complement Alternat Med.2012;2012:368196. Epub 2011 Aug 28.
Bee venom (BV), which is extracted from honeybees, is used in traditional Korean medical therapy. Several groups have demonstrated the anti-inflammatory effects of BV in osteoarthritis both in vivo and in vitro. Glutamate is the predominant excitatory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system (
PMID 21904562

Induction of specific immunotherapy with hymenoptera venoms using ultrarush regimen in children: safety and tolerance.

Kohli-Wiesner A, Stahlberger L, Bieli C, Stricker T, Lauener R.SourceChristine Kuhne-Center for Allergy Research and Education, University Children's Hospital Zurich, Steinwiesstrase 75, 8032 Zurich, Switzerland.
Journal of allergy.J Allergy (Cairo).2012;2012:790910. Epub 2011 Jul 19.
Background & Objective. Ultrarush induction for specific venom immunotherapy has been shown to be reliable and efficacious in adults. In this study its safety and tolerance in children was evaluated. Methods. Retrospective analysis of 102 ultrarush desensitizations carried out between 1997 and 2
PMID 21804830