For other uses, see Anorexic (disambiguation).
An anorectic or anorexic (from the Greek an- = "without" and orexis = "appetite"), also known as anorexigenic, anorexiant, or appetite suppressant, is a dietary supplement and/or drug which reduces appetite and food consumption, and, as a result, causes weight loss to occur.[1]
Contents
- 1 List of anorectics
- 2 Public health concerns
- 3 History and initial uses
- 4 References
- 5 External links
List of anorectics
Numerous pharmaceutical compounds are marketed as appetite suppressants.
The following drugs listed as "centrally-acting antiobesity preparations" in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System:[2]
- Phentermine (Adipex, Duromine, Fastin, Ionamin, Metermine, etc.)
- Diethylpropion (Tenuate)
- Rimonabant† (Acomplia; cannabinoid antagonist selective for CB1. Withdrawn amidst concerns about psychiatric consequences of drug treatment)
- Sibutramine† (Meridia, Reductil; withdrawn from the market due to concerns regarding its cardiovascular effects. )
- Oxymetazoline (Over the Counter Afrin nasal decongestant)
The following are listed as appetite depressants by MeSH.[3]
- Benfluorex
- Butenolide
- Cathine
- Diethylpropion
- FG-7142
- Phenmetrazine
- Phentermine
- Phenylpropanolamine
- Pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine
- Sibutramine
Other compounds with known appetite suppressant activity include:
- Amfetamine (also known as amphetamine, US brand name of mixed amfetamine salts is Adderall)
- Benzphetamine (Didrex)
- Bupropion (formerly known as amfebutamone; brand names: Prexaton, Wellbutrin, Zyban) - An atypical antidepressant
- Dexamfetamine (also known by its USAN and brand names: Dexamphetamine, Dexedrine, Dextrostat)
- Dexfenfluramine† (Adifax; the d-enantiomer of fenfluramine; withdrawn for the same reason as its racemate)
- Dexmethylphenidate (Focalin)
- Fenfluramine† (Ponderal, Ponderax, Pondimin; one of the two components [the other being phentermine] of Fen-phen. Since discontinued to its potential for causing valvulopathies and pulmonary hypertension)
- Glucagon (GlucaGen)
- Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
- Lorcaserin (Belviq)
- Lisdexamfetamine (Vyvanse)
- Metamfetamine (also known as methamphetamine, Desoxyn)
- Methylphenidate (Concerta, Ritalin)
- Phendimetrazine (Bontril)
- Phenethylamine
- Topiramate (Topamax, an anticonvulsant medication. Sometimes combined with phentermine under the brand name Qsymia as a treatment for obesity)
Where † indicates drugs that have been since withdrawn from the market due to adverse effects.
Public health concerns
Epidemics of fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage associated with pharmaceutical anorectic agents have led to the withdrawal of products from the market. This was the case with aminorex in the 1960s, and again in the 1990s with fenfluramine (see: Fen-phen).[4] Likewise, association of the related appetite suppressant phenylpropanolamine with hemorrhagic stroke led the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to request its withdrawal from the market in the United States in 2000, and similar concerns regarding ephedrine resulted in an FDA ban on its inclusion in dietary supplements, in 2004 (a Federal judge later overturned this ban in 2005 during a challenge by supplement maker Nutraceuticals). It is also debatable as to whether the ephedrine ban had more to do with its use as a precursor in methamphetamine manufacture rather than legitimate health concerns.
Healthy alternatives
- Weight loss effects of water have been subject to some scientific research.[5] Drinking water prior to each meal may help in appetite suppression. Consumption of 500 mL of water 30 minutes before meals has been correlated with modest weight loss (1–2 kg) in obese men [6] and women.[7]
History and initial uses
Used on a short-term basis clinically to treat obesity, some appetite suppressants are also available over-the-counter. Most common natural appetite suppressants are based on hoodia, a genus of 13 species in the flowering plant family Apocynaceae, under the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. Several appetite suppressants are based on a mix of natural ingredients, mostly using green tea as its basis, in combination with other plant extracts such as fucoxanthin, found naturally in seaweed. Drugs of this class are frequently stimulants of the phenethylamine family, related to amphetamine (informally known as speed).
The German and Finnish[8] militaries issued amphetamines to soldiers commonly to enhance warfare during the Second World War.[9] Following the war, amphetamines were redirected for use on the civilian market. Indeed, amphetamine itself was sold commercially as an appetite suppressant until it was outlawed in most parts of the world in the late 1950s due to safety issues. Many amphetamines produce side effects, including addiction, tachycardia and hypertension,[10] making prolonged unsupervised use dangerous.
References
- ^ Lemke, Thomas L.; Williams, David A. (2012). "Anorexiants as Pharmacologic Agents in the Management of Obesity". Foye's Medicinal Chemistry.
- ^ ATC/DDD Index
- ^ MeSH list of agents 82001067
- ^ Fishman AP. Aminorex to Fen/Phen: An Epidemic Foretold. Circulation 1999;99:156. Fulltext. PMID 9884392
- ^ "Pre-meal water consumption for weight loss". Australian Family Physician 42 (7): 478. 2013.
- ^ Dennis EA, Dengo AL, Comber DL, Flack KD, Savla J, Davy KP, Davy BM. "Water consumption increases weight loss during a hypocaloric diet intervention in middle-aged and older adults." Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010 Feb;18(2):300-7. [1] doi:10.1038/oby.2009.235. PMID 19661958
- ^ Vij VA, Joshi AS. "Effect of excessive water intake on body weight, body mass index, body fat, and appetite of overweight female participants." J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2014 Jul;5(2):340-4. [2]. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.136180 PMID 25097411
- ^ "Pervitiini". Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- ^ Andreas Ulrich, Andreas. "The Nazi Death Machine: Hitler's Drugged Soldiers - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News - International". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
- ^ Abenhaim L, Moride Y, Brenot F, Rich S, Benichou J, Kurz X, Higenbottam T, Oakley C, Wouters E, Aubier M, Simonneau G, Begaud B. Appetite-Suppressant Drugs and the Risk of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension. N Engl J Med 1996;335:609. Fulltext. doi:10.1056/NEJM199608293350901 PMID 8692238
External links
- Questions and Answers about appetite suppressant medication treatment from the Medical College of Wisconsin
- Anorectics at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
- Mitchell, Kari (January 1997). "Anorexiant Agents: Considerations for Use". Drug Therapy Topics. University of Washington Medical Center. Retrieved 25 December 2013.
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Antiobesity agents/Anorectics (A08)
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Stimulants
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- 4-Methylamphetamine
- Amfecloral
- Amfepentorex
- Amfepramone
- Aminorex
- Amphetamine
- Amphetaminil
- Atomoxetine
- Benfluorex‡
- Benzphetamine
- Bupropion (+naltrexone†; +zonisamide†)
- Cathine
- Cathinone
- Chlorphentermine
- Ciclazindol
- Clobenzorex
- Cloforex
- Clominorex
- Clortermine
- Dexfenfluramine
- Dextroamphetamine
- Dextromethamphetamine
- Dexmethylphenidate
- Difemetorex
- Dimethylcathinone
- Diphemethoxidine
- Ephedrine
- Ephedra
- Etilamfetamine
- Etolorex
- Fenbutrazate
- Fencamfamine
- Fenethylline
- Fenfluramine (+phentermine‡)
- Fenproporex
- Fludorex
- Fluminorex
- Furfenorex
- Indanorex
- Khat
- Levopropylhexedrine
- Lisdexamfetamine
- Manifaxine
- Mazindol
- Mefenorex
- Methamphetamine
- Methylphenidate
- Norfenfluramine
- Pemoline
- Pentorex
- Phendimetrazine
- Phenethylamine
- Phenmetrazine
- Phentermine (+topiramate)
- Phenylpropanolamine
- Pipradrol
- Prolintane
- Propylhexedrine
- Pseudoephedrine
- Pyrovalerone
- Radafaxine
- Reboxetine
- Setazindol
- Sibutramine
- Synephrine
- Tesofensine
- Viloxazine
- Xylopropamine
- Zylofuramine
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Cannabinoids
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Drinabant§ • Ibipinabant§ • Otenabant§ • Rimonabant‡ • Rosonabant§ • Surinabant§ • Taranabant§
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Others
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5-HTP • Galactomannan (Guar gum) • Glucomannan • L-DOPA • L-Phenylalanine • L-Tryptophan • L-Tyrosine • Lorcaserin • Lu AA-33810 • Metformin • Naltrexone • Naloxone • Oxyntomodulin • P57 • Peptide YY • Topiramate • Yohimbine (Yohimbe) • Zonisamide • water
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Cetilistat • 2,4-Dinitrophenol‡ • Dirlotapide • Mitratapide • Oleoyl-estrone • Orlistat • Simmondsin • Sterculia
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- #WHO-EM
- ‡Withdrawn from market
- Clinical trials:
- †Phase III
- §Never to phase III
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noco, nuvi, sysi/epon, met
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