WordNet

the failure to develop some part or organ
forceful prevention; putting down by power or authority; "the suppression of heresy"; "the quelling of the rebellion"; "the stifling of all dissent" (同)crushing, quelling, stifling
the act of withholding or withdrawing some book or writing from publication or circulation; "a suppression of the newspaper" (同)curtailment
a feeling of craving something; "an appetite for life"; "the object of life is to satisfy as many appetencies as possible"- Granville Hicks (同)appetency, appetence

PrepTutorEJDIC

(反乱などの)鎮圧;(感情・欲望などの)抑制;(活動の)制限;(発表の)禁止《+of+名》
『食欲』 / (…に対する)『欲求』,切望(desire)《+『for』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/29 03:24:57」(JST)

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An anorectic or anorexic (from the Greek an- = "without" and orexis = "appetite"), also known as anorexigenic, anorexiant, or appetite suppressant, is a dietary supplement and/or drug which reduces appetite and food consumption, and, as a result, causes weight loss to occur.^[1] By contrast, an appetite stimulant is referred to as orexigenic.

List of centrally acting anorectics

Numerous pharmaceutical compounds are marketed as appetite suppressants.

The following drugs listed as "centrally-acting antiobesity preparations" in the Anatomical Therapeutic Chemical Classification System:^[2]

Phentermine
Diethylpropion
Rimonabant^† (cannabinoid antagonist selective for CB1. Withdrawn amidst concerns about psychiatric consequences of drug treatment)
Sibutramine^† (in some countries withdrawn from the market because of concerns regarding its cardiovascular effects)
Oxymetazoline (over-the-counter nasal decongestant)

The following are listed as appetite depressants by MeSH.^[3]

Benfluorex
Butenolide
Cathine
Diethylpropion
FG-7142
Phenmetrazine
Phentermine
Phenylpropanolamine
Pyroglutamyl-histidyl-glycine
Sibutramine

Other compounds with known appetite suppressant activity include:

Amphetamine (also known as amfetamine, US brand name of mixed amphetamine salts is Adderall)
Benzphetamine
Bupropion (Wellbutrin, formerly known as amfebutamone)—an atypical antidepressant
Bupropion/naltrexone (Contrave)
Dextroamphetamine (also known by its USAN)
Dexfenfluramine^† (the D-enantiomer of fenfluramine; withdrawn for the same reason as its racemate)
Dexmethylphenidate
Fenfluramine^† (one of the two components [the other being phentermine] of Fen-phen. Since discontinued to its potential for causing valvulopathies and pulmonary hypertension)
Glucagon
Methylenedioxypyrovalerone (MDPV)
Liraglutide (Saxenda)
Lorcaserin (Belviq)
Lisdexamfetamine dimesylate (Vyvanse)
Methamphetamine (also known as methamfetamine, US brand name Desoxyn)
Methylphenidate (Ritalin)
Phendimetrazine
Phentermine/topiramate (Qsymia)
Phenethylamine
Topiramate (Topamax—an anticonvulsant medication with weight loss side effect)

Where † indicates drugs that have been since withdrawn from the market because of adverse effects.

List of peripherally acting anorectics

There is only one member in group—orlistat (Xenical).

Public health concerns

Epidemics of fatal pulmonary hypertension and heart valve damage associated with pharmaceutical anorectic agents have led to the withdrawal of products from the market. This was the case with aminorex in the 1960s, and again in the 1990s with fenfluramine (see: Fen-phen).^[4] Likewise, association of the related appetite suppressant phenylpropanolamine with hemorrhagic stroke led the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) to request its withdrawal from the market in the United States in 2000, and similar concerns regarding ephedrine resulted in an FDA ban on its inclusion in dietary supplements, in 2004 (a Federal judge later overturned this ban in 2005 during a challenge by supplement maker Nutraceuticals). It is also debatable as to whether the ephedrine ban had more to do with its use as a precursor in methamphetamine manufacture rather than legitimate health concerns.

Non-pharmacological alternatives

Weight loss effects of water have been subject to some scientific research.^[5] Drinking water prior to each meal may help in appetite suppression. Consumption of 500 mL of water 30 minutes before meals has been correlated with modest weight loss (1–2 kg) in obese men ^[6] and women.^[7]

History

Used on a short-term basis clinically to treat obesity, some appetite suppressants are also available over-the-counter. Most common natural appetite suppressants are based on Hoodia, a genus of 13 species in the flowering plant family Apocynaceae, under the subfamily Asclepiadoideae. Several appetite suppressants are based on a mix of natural ingredients, mostly using green tea as its basis, in combination with other plant extracts such as fucoxanthin, found naturally in seaweed. Drugs of this class are frequently stimulants of the phenethylamine family, related to amphetamine (informally known as speed).

The German and Finnish^[8] militaries issued amphetamines to soldiers commonly to enhance warfare during the Second World War.^[9] Following the war, amphetamines were redirected for use on the civilian market. Indeed, amphetamine itself was sold commercially as an appetite suppressant until it was outlawed in most parts of the world in the late 1950s because of safety issues. Many amphetamines produce side effects, including addiction, tachycardia and hypertension,^[10] making prolonged unsupervised use dangerous.

References

^ Lemke, Thomas L.; Williams, David A. (2012). "Anorexiants as Pharmacologic Agents in the Management of Obesity". Foye's Medicinal Chemistry.
^ ATC/DDD Index
^ MeSH list of agents 82001067
^ Fishman AP. Aminorex to Fen/Phen: An Epidemic Foretold. Circulation 1999;99:156. Fulltext. PMID 9884392
^ "Pre-meal water consumption for weight loss". Australian Family Physician 42 (7): 478. 2013.
^ Dennis EA, Dengo AL, Comber DL, Flack KD, Savla J, Davy KP, Davy BM. "Water consumption increases weight loss during a hypocaloric diet intervention in middle-aged and older adults." Obesity (Silver Spring) 2010 Feb;18(2):300-7. [1] doi:10.1038/oby.2009.235. PMID 19661958
^ Vij VA, Joshi AS. "Effect of excessive water intake on body weight, body mass index, body fat, and appetite of overweight female participants." J Nat Sci Biol Med. 2014 Jul;5(2):340-4. [2]. doi:10.4103/0976-9668.136180 PMID 25097411
^ "Pervitiini". Retrieved 2011-01-05.
^ Andreas Ulrich, Andreas. "The Nazi Death Machine: Hitler's Drugged Soldiers - SPIEGEL ONLINE - News - International". Spiegel Online. Retrieved 2011-01-05.
^ Abenhaim L, Moride Y, Brenot F, Rich S, Benichou J, Kurz X, Higenbottam T, Oakley C, Wouters E, Aubier M, Simonneau G, Begaud B. Appetite-Suppressant Drugs and the Risk of Primary Pulmonary Hypertension. N Engl J Med 1996;335:609. Fulltext. doi:10.1056/NEJM199608293350901 PMID 8692238

External links

Questions and Answers about appetite suppressant medication treatment from the Medical College of Wisconsin
Anorectics at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
Mitchell, Kari (January 1997). "Anorexiant Agents: Considerations for Use" (PDF). Drug Therapy Topics. University of Washington Medical Center. Retrieved 25 December 2013.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人における肥満：薬物療法 obesity in adults drug therapy
2. 薬剤誘発性の弁膜症 valvular heart disease induced by drugs
3. 糖尿病の治療におけるα-グルコシダーゼ阻害剤およびリパーゼ阻害剤 alpha glucosidase inhibitors and lipase inhibitors for treatment of diabetes mellitus
4. 成人の肥満：マネージメントの概要 obesity in adults overview of management
5. 成人における肺高血圧症の概要 overview of pulmonary hypertension in adults

English Journal

Dietary manipulations influence sucrose acceptance in diet induced obese mice.

Johnson AW.SourceDepartment of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Neurogenetics and Behavior Center, Johns Hopkins University, 3400 N. Charles Street, Ames Hall, Room 101, Baltimore, MD 21218, United States.
Appetite.Appetite.2012 Feb;58(1):215-21. Epub 2011 Sep 29.
The current studies examined the influence of a high fat diet on sucrose acceptance in diet induced obese (DIO) mice. C57BL/6J mice were placed on either a 45kcal% fat diet (group DIO), or a control 10% kcal fat diet (group control) for 12weeks followed by sucrose consumption tests and dietary manip
PMID 21983046

Pharmacological review of caralluma R.br. With special reference to appetite suppression and anti-obesity.

Dutt HC, Singh S, Avula B, Khan IA, Bedi YS.Source1 Department of Botany, University of Jammu , Jammu, India .
Journal of medicinal food.J Med Food.2012 Feb;15(2):108-19. Epub 2011 Dec 22.
Abstract Caralluma fimbriata extract has received Generally Recognized As Safe (GRAS) status for use as a nutraceutical to combat the most serious public health concern (i.e., obesity). More than 260 species grouped under the genus Caralluma (Family Apocynaceae) are distributed in tropical Asia an
PMID 22191633

Japanese Journal

低用量docetaxelによる化学療法と放射線療法で加療した高齢者の血管肉腫

菅崇暢,栁瀬哲至,河合幹雄,秀道広
Skin Cancer 28(1), 20-23, 2013
血管肉腫は手術療法，化学療法，放射線療法，免疫療法を組み合わせて治療するが，高齢者では全身状態や合併症のため治療法の選択に苦慮することが多い。我々は，低用量docetaxel（DTX）による化学療法と放射線療法（RT）の併用（以下DTX＋RT）で加療した80歳以上の血管肉腫患者4例を経験したため，治療効果や合併症，予後などを報告する。DTXを低用量で投与したが，腫瘍は縮小し，4例の平均生存期間は1 …
NAID 130003378160

Anti-neuroinflammatory Activity of a Novel Cannabinoid Derivative by Inhibiting the NF-κB Signaling Pathway in Lipopolysaccharide-Induced BV-2 Microglial Cells

More Sandeep Vasant,Park Ju-Young,Kim Byung-Wook [他],Kumar Hemant,Lim Hyung-Woo,Kang Seong-Mook,Koppula Sushruta,Yoon Sung-Hwa,Choi Dong-Kug
Journal of Pharmacological Sciences 121(2), 119-130, 2013
… Therefore, suppression of the inflammatory response elicited by activated microglia is considered a potential therapeutic target for neurodegenerative diseases. … The cannabinoid (CB) system is widespread in the central nervous system and is very crucial for modulating a spectrum of neurophysiological functions such as pain, appetite, and cognition. …
NAID 130003362676

ミゾリビンによる急性尿酸性腎症とメソトレキサートによる骨髄抑制を併発した1例

藤本壮八,山内佑,十川裕史,内田篤志,笛木孝明,桑原篤憲,春名克祐,堀家英之,佐藤稔,駒井則夫,佐々木環,柏原直樹
川崎医学会誌 39(1), 55-59, 2013
症例は83歳,男性.近医で関節リウマチの診断で加療(プレドニゾロン2mg,メソトレキサート(MTX)4mg),他に高尿酸血症,高血圧で加療中であった.当院へ入院13日前にミゾリビン(MZ)150mg追加投与された.入院2日前に食欲不振と全身倦怠感で近医を受診,尿素窒素99.5mg/dl,クレアチニン7.8mg/dlと急性腎不全を認めたため当院へ紹介入院した.入院時の検査所見で尿酸26.5mg/dL …
NAID 110009559348