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an ester of glycerol and fatty acids that occurs naturally as fats and fatty oils; "fresh fats contain glycerides of fatty acids and very little free acid" (同)acylglycerol

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/07/01 10:41:55」(JST)

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Glycerol

Fatty acid

Triacetin, the simplest possible fat after Triformin

Glycerides, more correctly known as acylglycerols, are esters formed from glycerol and fatty acids.

Glycerol has three hydroxyl functional groups, which can be esterified with one, two, or three fatty acids to form monoglycerides, diglycerides, and triglycerides.

Vegetable oils and animal fats contain mostly triglycerides, but are broken down by natural enzymes (lipases) into mono and diglycerides and free fatty acids and glycerol.

Soaps are formed from the reaction of glycerides with sodium hydroxide. The product of the reaction is glycerol and salts of fatty acids. Fatty acids in the soap emulsify the oils in dirt, enabling the removal of oily dirt with water.

Partial glycerides are esters of glycerol with fatty acids, where not all the hydroxyl groups are esterified. Since some of their hydroxyl groups are free their molecules are polar. Partial glycerides may be monoglycerides (two hydroxyl groups free) or diglycerides (one hydroxyl group free). Short chain partial glycerides are more strongly polar than long chain partial glycerides, and have excellent solvent properties for many hard-to-solubilize drugs, making them valuable as excipients in improving the formulation of certain pharmaceuticals. The most common forms of acylglycerol are triglycerides, having high caloric value and usually yielding twice as much energy per gram as carbohydrate. ^[1]

Acylglyceride linkage

An acylglyceride linkage is the covalent bond between the organic acid groups (such as fatty acid) and one of the three hydroxyl groups of glycerol.^[2]

References

^ Sasol Olefins & Surfactants - Excipients for Pharmaceuticals. Partial glycerides (page 10)
^ Moore, Randy, et al. (1998) Botany. 2nd Ed. New York: WCB/McGraw Hill. ISBN 978-0-697-28623-9.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 脂肪異栄養症症候群 lipodystrophic syndromes

English Journal

Endothelial dysfunction in hyperandrogenic polycystic ovary syndrome is not explained by either obesity or ectopic fat deposition.

Sprung VS, Jones H, Pugh CJ, Aziz NF, Daousi C, Kemp GJ, Green DJ, Cable NT, Cuthbertson DJ.Author information *Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, U.K.AbstractPCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) is associated with IR (insulin resistance), increased visceral fat and NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) all of which may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, an early marker of CVD (cardiovascular disease) risk. Our objective was to examine the relationships between endothelial dysfunction in PCOS, the volume of AT (adipose tissue) compartments and the size of intracellular TAG (triacylglycerol) pools in liver and skeletal muscle. A total of 19 women with PCOS (means±S.D.; 26±6 years, 36±5 kg/m2) and 16 control women (31±8 years, 30±6 kg/m2) were recruited. Endothelial function was assessed in the brachial artery using FMD (flow-mediated dilation). VAT (visceral AT) and abdominal SAT (subcutaneous AT) volume were determined by whole body MRI, and liver and skeletal muscle TAG by 1H-MRS (proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy). Cardiorespiratory fitness and HOMA-IR (homoeostasis model assessment of IR) were also determined. Differences between groups were analysed using independent Student's t tests and ANCOVA (analysis of co-variance). FMD was impaired in PCOS by 4.6% [95% CI (confidence interval), 3.0-7.7; P<0.001], and this difference decreased only slightly to 4.2% (95% CI, 2.4-6.1; P<0.001) when FMD was adjusted for individual differences in visceral and SAT and HOMA-IR. This magnitude of impairment was also similar in lean and obese PCOS women. The results suggest that endothelial dysfunction in PCOS is not explained by body fat distribution or volume. FMD might be a useful independent prognostic tool to assess CVD risk in this population.
Clinical science (London, England : 1979).Clin Sci (Lond).2014 Jan 1;126(1):67-74. doi: 10.1042/CS20130186.
PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) is associated with IR (insulin resistance), increased visceral fat and NAFLD (non-alcoholic fatty liver disease) all of which may contribute to endothelial dysfunction, an early marker of CVD (cardiovascular disease) risk. Our objective was to examine the relationshi
PMID 23826984

Analysis of neutral lipids from microalgae by HPLC-ELSD and APCI-MS/MS.

Donot F, Cazals G, Gunata Z, Egron D, Malinge J, Strub C, Fontana A, Schorr-Galindo S.Author information UMR Qualisud (CIRAD, Université Montpellier II, UM1, Sup Agro), Place E. Bataillon, 34095 Montpellier Cedex 5, France; Total SA, PERL-Pôle d'Etudes et de Recherche de Lacq, BP 47, 64170 Lacq, France. Electronic address: florentin.donot@univ-montp2.fr.AbstractA method was developed to analyze neutral lipids through the use of three triglycerides, four free fatty acids, six di- and four mono-glycerides standards by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) normal phase coupled with either with evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) or with mass spectrometry (MS) operating in atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI) mode. The method was applied to the determination of the neutral lipid fraction from a Botryococcus braunii race A (B. braunii) culture. This method led us to identify neutral lipids synthesized by B. braunii in a single analysis within 45min through HPLC-APCI-MS/MS technique.
Journal of chromatography. B, Analytical technologies in the biomedical and life sciences.J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci.2013 Dec 30;942-943:98-106. doi: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2013.10.016. Epub 2013 Oct 21.
A method was developed to analyze neutral lipids through the use of three triglycerides, four free fatty acids, six di- and four mono-glycerides standards by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) normal phase coupled with either with evaporative light scattering detector (ELSD) or with mass
PMID 24239934

1914G variant of BCHE gene associated with enzyme activity, obesity and triglyceride levels.

Lima JK, Leite N, Turek LV, Souza RL, da Silva Timossi L, Osiecki AC, Osiecki R, Furtado-Alle L.Author information Polymorphism and Linkage Laboratory, Department of Genetics, Federal University of Paraná, Brazil.AbstractPolymorphisms of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) have been reported to be associated to weight, BMI variance and hypertriglyceridemia in adults and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of -116A (SNP: G/A; rs1126680) and 1914G (SNP: A/G; rs3495) variants of BCHE gene with anthropometric and biochemical variables associated with obesity in population sample of 115 individuals, from Southern Brazil. Participants were grouped in two categories: obese (BMI≥30) and non-obese (BMI<30). The 1914G allele showed significantly higher frequency in the obese group, and carriers of 1914G allele showed lower mean BChE activity when compared to 1914A carriers (p=0.006). Higher means of BMI (p=0.02) and triglyceride (TG; p=0.01) were found in 1914G carriers (BMI=27.57 kg/m(2); TG=150.8 mg/dL) when compared to 1914A homozygotes (BMI=25.55 kg/m(2); TG=107.9 mg/dL). Carriers of the -116A allele showed lower mean BChE activity than usual homozygotes, and the -116A variant was found in cis with 1914G (p<0.0001; D'=1). The region of BCHE gene that contains the 1914G mutation site is target of microRNAs (miRs) and the response of BChE to glucocorticoids is especially influenced by these miRs. Therefore, it is possible that the 1914G allele can be interfering in gluconeogenesis, hyperglycemia, lipolysis and body fat distribution. This lower activity may cause an imbalance in lipid metabolism, which may lead to an increased predisposition to obesity and to a lower ability to maintain metabolic homeostasis.
Gene.Gene.2013 Dec 10;532(1):24-6. doi: 10.1016/j.gene.2013.08.068. Epub 2013 Aug 31.
Polymorphisms of butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) have been reported to be associated to weight, BMI variance and hypertriglyceridemia in adults and adolescents. The aim of the present study was to investigate the association of -116A (SNP: G/A; rs1126680) and 1914G (SNP: A/G; rs3495) variants of BCHE g
PMID 24001779

Japanese Journal

Concise and Versatile Synthesis of Sulfoquinovosyl Acyl Glycerol Derivatives for Biological Applications

ＣＨＥＭＩＣＡＬ　＆　ＰＨＡＲＭＡＣＥＵＴＩＣＡＬ　ＢＵＬＬＥＴＩＮ 65(6), 566-572, 2017
NAID 130005686027

Expression of Lipid Metabolism-Associated Genes in Male and Female White Feather Chicken

The Journal of Poultry Science 53(2), 118-123, 2016
NAID 130005147705

Expression of Lipid Metabolism-Associated Genes in Male and Female White Feather Chicken

The Journal of Poultry Science advpub(0), 2015
NAID 130005110992

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「グリセリド」「中性脂肪」「neutral fat」「glyceride」
拡張検索	「glycosylphosphatidylinositol diacylglycerol-lyase」「CDPdiacylglycerol-serine O-phosphatidyltransferase」「diacylglycerol kinase」「triacylglycerol」