出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2013/08/12 22:04:43」(JST)
Y y Y y | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Yとは、ラテン文字(アルファベット)の 25 番目の文字。小文字は y 。U, V, W とともにギリシア文字の Υ に由来し、キリル文字の У は同系の文字である。Υ の別形に由来する F とも同系といえる。
縦棒の上部が左右に分岐した形である。小文字は縦棒の下部が右に分岐した線と直線になって、ベースラインを下に越える。筆記体では大文字もこの小文字書体に基づき、左の線を縦に書いた後で緩やかに湾曲して右上にのび、縦棒をまっすぐ下に書いて左に曲げ、折り返して縦棒を右上に突き抜け、次の字に続ける。初筆は、左下からの線を緩やかに湾曲させて縦棒に連ねることが多い。フラクトゥールは。
この文字が表す音素は、i とほぼ同等である。
音声記号としては、小文字 /y/ は「円唇前舌狭母音」(フランス語 u 、ドイツ語 ü)。スモールキャピタル(小さい大文字) [ʏ]/Y/ はその少し広い発音を表す。音素文字として、[j] の代用表記にも使われる。180度回転させた小文字 /ʎ/ は、「硬口蓋側音」(「リ」のように聞こえる音)であるが、ギリシャ文字 λ (ラムダ小文字)の変形である。
ギリシャ文字の Υ(ウプシロン)がラテン文字の V(ウー)に変化した後で、より後代の Υ(ユプシロン)の発音を書き表すために、あらためて Υ(ユプシロン)を Y(ユー)として取り込んだものである。
大文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 小文字 | Unicode | JIS X 0213 | 文字参照 | 備考 |
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Y | U+0059 |
1-3-57 | Y Y |
y | U+0079 |
1-3-89 | y y |
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Y | U+FF39 |
1-3-57 | Y Y |
y | U+FF59 |
1-3-89 | y y |
全角 |
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Cursive script 'y' and capital 'Y'
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Y (named wye[1] /ˈwaɪ/, plural wyes)[2] is the twenty-fifth letter in the ISO basic Latin alphabet (next to last letter) and represents either a vowel or a consonant in English.
In Latin, Y was named Y Graeca "Greek Y". This was pronounced as I Graeca "Greek I", since the classical Greek sound /y/, similar to modern German ü or French u, was not a native sound for Latin speakers, and the letter was initially only used to spell foreign words. In Romance languages, this history has led to the standard modern name of the letter: Spanish i griega, French i grec, etc. Alternatively, the original Greek name upsilon has also been adapted into several modern languages such as German.
Old English borrowed Latin Y to write the native Old English sound /y/ (previously written with the rune yr ᚣ). The name of the letter may be related to 'ui' (or 'vi') in various medieval languages; in Middle English it was 'wi' /wiː/, which through the Great Vowel Shift became the Modern English 'wy' /waɪ/.
The oldest direct ancestor of English letter Y was the Semitic letter waw, from which also come F, U, V, and W. See F for details. The Greek and Latin alphabets developed from the Phoenician form of this early alphabet. In Modern English, there is also some historical influence from the old English letter yogh (Ȝȝ), which developed from Semitic gimel, as shown below.
Phoenician | Greek | Latin | English (approximate times of changes) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Old | Middle | Modern | |||
V → | U → | V/U/UU → | V/U/W | ||
Y → | Y (vowel /y/) → | Y (vowel /i/) → | Y (vowels) | ||
C → | |||||
G → | Ȝ → | G → | |||
consonantal Y /j/ → | Y (consonant) | ||||
Þ → | Y /θ/ | - |
As a consonant in English, Y is normally a palatal approximant, /j/ (year, German Jahr). This is possibly influenced by the Middle English letter yogh (Ȝȝ), which represented /j/. (Yogh's other sound, /ɣ/, came to be written gh in Middle English, and although the sound is no longer pronounced in standard modern English silent gh is common in many words where this sound was once present, such as through and caught, and in some cases an /f/ sound has resulted in modern English, as in rough or trough.)
Y first appeared as the Greek letter upsilon. The Romans borrowed a small form of upsilon as the single letter V, representing both /u/ and its consonantal variant /w/. In later ways of writing Latin, V is typically written as U, for a vowel, or V for the consonant. However, this first loaning of upsilon into Latin is not the source of Modern English Y.
The usage of the capital form of upsilon, 'Y' as opposed to U, V, or W, dates back to the Latin of the first century BC, when upsilon was introduced a second time, this time with its "foot" to distinguish it. It was used to transcribe loanwords from the prestigious Attic dialect of Greek, which had the non-Latin sound /y/, as found in modern French cru (raw), or German grün (green). Because it was not a native sound of Latin, it was usually pronounced /u/ or /i/. The latter pronunciation was the most common in the Classical period and was used by most people except Greek educated ones.
The letter was also used for other languages with a /y/ sound. Some words of Italic origin were re-spelled with a 'y': Latin silva ('forest') was commonly spelled sylva, in analogy with the Greek cognate and synonym ὕλη.[3]
The Roman Emperor Claudius proposed introducing a new letter into the Latin alphabet to transcribe the so-called sonus medius (a short vowel before labial consonants), which in inscriptions was sometimes used for Greek upsilon instead.[citation needed]
In Old English there was a native /y/ sound, and so both Latin U and Y were adapted for use. By the time of Middle English, /y/ had lost its roundedness and became identical to I (/iː/ and /ɪ/). Therefore, many words that originally had I were spelled with Y, and vice-versa. (Some dialects, however, retained the sound /y/ and spelled it U, following French usage.)[citation needed]
Likewise, Modern English vocalic Y is pronounced identically to the letter I. But Modern English uses it in only certain places, unlike Middle and early Modern English. It has three uses: for upsilon in Greek loan-words (system: Greek σύστημα), at the end of a word (rye, city; compare cities, where S is final), and before vowel endings (dy-ing, justify-ing).
When printing was introduced to Great Britain, Caxton and other English printers used Y in place of Þ (thorn: Modern English th), which did not exist in continental typefaces. From this convention comes the spelling of the as ye in the mock archaism Ye Olde Shoppe. But in spite of the spelling, pronunciation was the same as for modern the (stressed /ðiː/, unstressed /ðə/). Ye (/jiː/) is purely a modern spelling pronunciation.[4]
In Spanish, Y is called i/y griega, in Galician i grego, in Catalan i grega, in French and Romanian i grec, in Polish igrek - all meaning "Greek i" (except for Polish, where it is simply a phonetic transcription of the French name); in Dutch both Griekse ij and i-grec are used; in most other European languages the Greek name is still used; in German, for example, it is called Ypsilon, and in Italian the name is ípsilon or ípsilo. In Portuguese, both names are used (ípsilon and i grego). [1] The letter Y was originally established as a vowel. In the standard English language, the letter Y is traditionally regarded as a consonant, but a survey of almost any English text will show that Y more commonly functions as a vowel. In many cases, it is known as a semivowel.
After fronting from /u/, Greek /y/ de-rounded to /i/.
As [j]:
As [i]:
As [ɪ]:
As [ai]:
Other:
In English morphology, -y is an adjectival suffix.
Y has the sound values /y/ or /ʏ/ in the Scandinavian languages and in German. It can never be a consonant (except for loanwords), but can in German appear in diphthongs, as in the name Meyer, where it serves as a variant of ⟨i⟩.
In Dutch, Y appears only in loanwords and names and usually represents /i/. It may sometimes be left out of the Dutch alphabet and replaced with the ligature IJ. In addition, the Y is occasionally used instead of an IJ, albeit very rarely. In the Afrikaans language, a descendant of Dutch, Y denotes the diphthong [ɛi], which may derive from the IJ ligature.
In Faroese and Icelandic, Y is always pronounced /i/. In both languages, it can also form part of diphthongs such as ⟨ey⟩ (both language) and ⟨oy⟩ (Faroese only).
In the Spanish language, Y was used as a word-initial form of I that was more visible. (German has used J in a similar way.) Hence el yugo y las flechas was a symbol sharing the initials of Isabella I of Castille (Ysabel) and Ferdinand II of Aragon. This spelling was reformed by the Royal Spanish Academy and currently is only found in proper names spelled archaically, such as Ybarra or CYII, the symbol of the Canal de Isabel II. X is also still used in Spanish with a different sound in some archaisms.
Appearing alone as a word, the letter Y is a grammatical conjunction with the meaning "and" in Spanish and is pronounced /i/. In Spanish family names, y can separate the father's surname from the mother's surname as in Santiago Ramón y Cajal; another example is Maturin y Domanova, from the Jack Aubrey novel sequence. Catalan names use i for this. Otherwise, Y represents [ʝ] in Spanish. When coming before the sound /i/, Y is replaced with E: español e inglés. This is to avoid pronouncing /i/ twice.
The letter Y is called i/y griega, literally meaning "Greek I", after the Greek letter ypsilon, or ye.
In Portuguese, Y (ípsilon in Brazil, both ípsilon or i grego in Portugal) was, together with K and W, recently re-introduced as the 25th letter, and 19th consonant, of the Portuguese alphabet, in consequence of the Portuguese Language Orthographic Agreement of 1990.
It is mostly used in loanwords from English, Japanese, Spanish, Russian and Hebrew. Loanwords in general, primarily gallicisms in both varieties, are more common in Brazilian Portuguese than in European Portuguese. It was always common for Brazilians to stylize Tupi-influenced names of their children with the letter (which is present in most romanizations of Old Tupi) e.g. Guaracy, Jandyra, Mayara – though placenames and loanwords derived from Indigenous origins had the letter substituted for ⟨i⟩ over time e.g. Nictheroy became Niterói.
To a minor degree (often stigmatized as a signal of the lower classes) it is also true for common Western/Christian in Brazil, together with those of immigrant communities, although the practice is not possible in Portugal in which names should follow official spelling conventions (see more at Portuguese name).
Usual pronunciations are /i/, [j], [ɪ] and /ɨ/ (the two latter ones are inexistent in European and Brazilian Portuguese varieties respectively, being both substituted by /i/ in other dialects). The letters ⟨i⟩ and ⟨y⟩ are regarded as phonemically not dissimilar, though the first corresponds to a vowel and the latter to a consonant, and both can correspond to a semivowel depending on its place in a word.
In Portuguese, all uses of the grammatical conjunction Y in Spanish (meaning "and") are substituted for ⟨e⟩, which is generally pronounced /i/ (seldom its allophones [j] and [ɪ], generally in Brazil).
Italian, too, has Y (ipsilon) in a small number of loanwords.
In Polish and Guaraní, it represents the vowel [ɨ].
In Welsh it is pronounced [ə] in monosyllabic words or non-final syllables, and /ɨ/ or [i] (depending on the accent) in final syllables.
In Finnish and Albanian, Y is always pronounced [y].
In Lithuanian Y is the 15th letter and is a vowel. It is called the long i and is pronounced /iː/ like in English see.
When used as a vowel in Vietnamese, the letter y represents the close front unrounded vowel. When used as a monophthong, it is functionally equivalent to the Vietnamese letter i. Thus, Mỹ Lai does not rhyme but mỳ Lee does. There have been efforts to replace all such uses with i altogether, but they have been largely unsuccessful. As a consonant, it represents the palatal approximant. The capital letter Y is also used in Vietnamese as a given name.
In Aymara, Turkish, Quechua as in Romaji in Japanese, all Y is a palatal consonant, always denoting [j], as in English.
In Malagasy, the letter y represents the final variation of /ɨ/.
In Turkmen, Y represents [ɯ].
In Japan, Ⓨ is a symbol used for resale price maintenance.
In the International Phonetic Alphabet, [y] corresponds to the close front rounded vowel, and the slightly different character [ʏ] corresponds to the near-close near-front rounded vowel.
It is indicative of the rarity of front rounded vowels that [y] is the rarest sound represented in the IPA by a letter of the Latin alphabet, being cross-linguistically less than half as frequent as [q] or [c] and only about a quarter as frequent as [x].[citation needed]
The IPA symbol [j] ("jod") represents the sound of the English letter ⟨y⟩ in the word yes.
Character | Y | y | ||
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Unicode name | LATIN CAPITAL LETTER Y | LATIN SMALL LETTER Y | ||
Encodings | decimal | hex | decimal | hex |
Unicode | 89 | U+0059 | 121 | U+0079 |
UTF-8 | 89 | 59 | 121 | 79 |
Numeric character reference | Y | Y | y | y |
EBCDIC family | 232 | E8 | 168 | A8 |
ASCII 1 | 89 | 59 | 121 | 79 |
NATO phonetic | Morse code |
Yankee | –·–– |
Signal flag | Flag semaphore | Braille |
The ISO basic Latin alphabet
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Aa | Bb | Cc | Dd | Ee | Ff | Gg | Hh | Ii | Jj | Kk | Ll | Mm | Nn | Oo | Pp | Rr | Ss | Tt | Uu | Vv | Ww | Xx | Yy | Zz | ||
Letter Y with diacritics
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Ýý | Ỳỳ | Ŷŷ | Y̊ẙ | Ÿÿ | Ỹỹ | Ẏẏ | Ȳȳ | Ỷỷ | Ỵỵ | Ɏɏ | Ƴƴ | ʏ | ||||||||||||||
Related
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リンク元 | 「アミノ酸」「チロシン」「yttrium」 |
拡張検索 | 「CYP7タンパク質」「CYP3Aタンパク質」「cytochrome P-450 CYP3A」 |
分類 | 極性 | 電荷 | 名前 | 1 | 3 | 糖原性 | ケトン原性 | 必須アミノ酸 | 分枝アミノ酸 | pK1 α-COOH |
pK2 α-NH2 |
pKR 側鎖 |
側鎖 | |
疎水性アミノ酸 | 無 | 無 | グリシン | G | Gly | 2.35 | 9.78 | ―H | ||||||
無 | 無 | アラニン | A | Ala | 2.35 | 9.87 | ―CH3 | |||||||
無 | 無 | バリン | V | Val | ○ | ○ | 2.29 | 9.74 | ―CH(CH3)2 | |||||
無 | 無 | フェニルアラニン | F | Phe | ○ | ○ | ○3 | 2.2 | 9.31 | ―○C6H5 | ||||
無 | 無 | プロリン | P | Pro | 1.95 | 10.64 | αCとNH2の間に ―CH2CH2CH2- | |||||||
無 | 無 | メチオニン | M | Met | ○2 | 2.13 | 9.28 | ―CH2CH2-S-CH3 | ||||||
無 | 無 | イソロイシン | I | Ile | ○ | ○ | ○ | ○ | 2.32 | 9.76 | ―CH(CH3)CH2CH3 | |||
無 | 無 | ロイシン | L | Leu | ○ | ○ | ○ | 2.33 | 9.74 | ―CH2CH(CH3)2 | ||||
荷電アミノ酸 | 有 | 酸性 | アスパラギン酸 | D | Asp | 1.99 | 9.9 | 3.9 β-COOH |
―CH2COOH | |||||
有 | 酸性 | グルタミン酸 | E | Glu | 2.1 | 9.47 | 4.07 γ-COOH |
―CH2CH2COOH | ||||||
有 | 塩基性 | リシン | K | Lys | ○ | ○ | 2.16 | 9.06 | 10.54 ε-NH2 |
側鎖のCH2は4つ ―-CH2CH2CH2CH2NH2 | ||||
有 | 塩基性 | アルギニン | R | Arg | ○1 | 1.82 | 8.99 | 12.48 グアニジウム基 |
側鎖のCH2は3つ ―CH2CH2CH2-NH-C-(NH2)NH | |||||
極性アミノ酸 | 有 | 無 | セリン | S | Ser | 2.19 | 9.21 | ―CH2OH | ||||||
有 | 無 | スレオニン | T | Thr | ○ | ○ | ○ | 2.09 | 9.1 | ―CH(CH3)OH | ||||
有 | 無 | チロシン | Y | Tyh | ○ | ○ | 2.2 | 9.21 | 10.46 フェノール |
―CH2-φ | ||||
有 | 塩基性 | ヒスチジン | H | His | ○ | 1.8 | 9.33 | 6.04 イミダゾール基 |
―CH2-C3H3N2 | |||||
有 | 無 | システイン | C | Cys | 1.92 | 10.7 | 8.37 -SH基 |
―CH2-SH | ||||||
有 | 無 | アスパラギン | N | Asn | 2.14 | 8.72 | ―CH2-CO-NH2 | |||||||
有 | 無 | グルタミン | Q | Gln | 2.17 | 9.13 | ―CH2-CH2-CO-NH2 | |||||||
無 | 無 | トリプトファン | W | Trp | ○ | ○ | ○ | 2.46 | 9.41 | ―Indol ring | ||||
1 人体で合成できるが、不十分。 | ||||||||||||||
2 Cysが足らなければ、Metから合成することになる。 |
名称 | 基となるアミノ酸 | ||
修飾されたアミノ酸 | シスチン | システイン | システイン2分子が酸化されて生成する。 |
ヒドロキシプロリン | プロリン | ゼラチン、コラーゲンに含まれる。 | |
ヒドロキシリジン | リジン | ||
チロキシン | チロシン | 甲状腺タンパク質に含まれる。 | |
O-ホスホセリン | カゼインなど、多くのリンタンパク質に含まれる。 | ||
デスモシン | |||
蛋白質の構成要素ではない | オルニチン | アルギニン | ミトコンドリア中でカルバモイルリン酸と反応 |
シトルリン | オルニチン、カルバモイルリン酸 | ||
クレアチン | アルギニン、グリシン | ||
γアミノ酪酸 | アルギニン |
準必須 | ア | アルギニン |
必須 | メ | メチオニン |
フ | フェニルアラニン | |
リ | リジン | |
バ | valine | |
ス | スレオニン | |
ト | トリプトファン | |
ロ | ロイシン | |
イ | イソロイシン | |
準必須 | ヒ | ヒスチジン |
-CH2-C6H4-OH
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