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the 14th letter of the Roman alphabet (同)n
the organic group of acetic acid (CH3CO-) (同)acetyl_group, acetyl radical, ethanoyl group, ethanoyl radical
an amino acid containing sulfur that is found in most proteins; oxidizes on exposure to air to form cystine

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nitrogenの化学記号
neodymiumの化学記号

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/07/25 23:55:39」(JST)

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Acetylcysteine rINN /əˌsɛtəlˈsɪstiːn/, also known as N-acetylcysteine or N-acetyl-L-cysteine (abbreviated NAC), is a pharmaceutical drug and nutritional supplement used primarily as a mucolytic agent and in the management of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. Other uses include sulfate repletion in conditions, such as autism, where cysteine and related sulfur amino acids may be depleted.^[2]

Acetylcysteine is a derivative of cysteine; an acetyl group is attached to the nitrogen atom. This compound is sold as a dietary supplement commonly claiming antioxidant and liver protecting effects. It is used as a cough medicine because it breaks disulfide bonds in mucus and liquefies it, making it easier to cough up. It is also this action of breaking disulfide bonds that makes it useful in thinning the abnormally thick mucus in cystic and pulmonary fibrosis patients.

1 Medical uses
- 1.1 Paracetamol overdose
- 1.2 Mucolytic therapy
- 1.3 Nephroprotective agent
- 1.4 Treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis
- 1.5 Microbiological use
- 1.6 Interstitial lung disease
- 1.7 Psychiatry
- 1.8 Polycystic ovary syndrome
2 Adverse effects
3 Complexing agent
4 Chemistry
5 Dosage forms
6 Research
7 References
8 External links

Medical uses[edit]

Paracetamol overdose[edit]

Main article: Paracetamol poisoning

Intravenous acetylcysteine is indicated for the treatment of paracetamol (acetaminophen) overdose. When paracetamol is taken in large quantities, a minor metabolite called N-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI) accumulates within the body. It is normally conjugated by glutathione, but when taken in excess, the body's glutathione reserves are not sufficient to inactivate the toxic NAPQI. This metabolite is then free to react with key hepatic enzymes, therefore damaging hepatocytes. This may lead to severe liver damage and even death by fulminant liver failure.

For this indication, acetylcysteine acts to augment the glutathione reserves in the body and, together with glutathione, directly bind to toxic metabolites. These actions serve to protect hepatocytes in the liver from NAPQI toxicity.

Although both IV and oral acetylcysteine are equally effective for this indication, oral administration is poorly tolerated because high oral doses are required due to low oral bioavailability,^[3] because of its very unpleasant taste and odour, and because of adverse effects, particularly nausea and vomiting. Studies conducted by Baker and Dilger^[4] suggest that the prior pharmacokinetic studies of acetylcysteine did not include acetylation as a reason for the low bioavailability of acetylcysteine. In the research conducted by Baker,^[4] it was concluded that oral acetylcysteine was identical in bioavailability to Cysteine precursors. However, 3% to 6% of people given intravenous acetylcysteine show a severe, anaphylaxis-like allergic reaction, which may include extreme breathing difficulty (due to bronchospasm), a decrease in blood pressure, rash, angioedema, and sometimes also nausea and vomiting.^[5] Repeated doses of intravenous acetylcysteine will cause these allergic reactions to progressively worsen in these people.

Several studies have found this anaphylaxis-like reaction to occur more often in people given IV acetylcysteine despite serum levels of paracetamol not high enough to be considered toxic.^[6]^[7]^[8]^[9]

In some countries, a specific intravenous formulation does not exist to treat paracetamol overdose. In these cases, the formulation used for inhalation may be used intravenously.

Mucolytic therapy[edit]

Inhaled acetylcysteine is indicated for mucolytic ("mucus-dissolving") therapy as an adjuvant in respiratory conditions with excessive and/or thick mucus production. Such conditions include emphysema, bronchitis, tuberculosis, bronchiectasis, amyloidosis, pneumonia, cystic fibrosis, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and pulmonary fibrosis. It is also used post-operatively, as a diagnostic aid, and in tracheotomy care. It may be considered ineffective in cystic fibrosis.^[10] However, a recent paper in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences reports that high-dose oral acetylcysteine modulates inflammation in cystic fibrosis and has the potential to counter the intertwined redox and inflammatory imbalances in CF.^[11] Oral acetylcysteine may also be used as a mucolytic in less serious cases.

For this indication, acetylcysteine acts to reduce mucus viscosity by splitting disulfide bonds linking proteins present in the mucus (mucoproteins).

Nephroprotective agent[edit]

Oral acetylcysteine is used for the prevention of radiocontrast-induced nephropathy (a form of acute renal failure). Some studies show that prior administration of acetylcysteine markedly decreases radiocontrast nephropathy,^[12] whereas others appear to cast doubt on its efficacy.^[13]^[14] Data published in two papers in the New England Journal of Medicine and the Journal of the American Medical Association. conclude:

"Intravenous and oral N-acetylcysteine may prevent contrast-medium–induced nephropathy with a dose-dependent effect in patients treated with primary angioplasty and may improve hospital outcome."^[15]
"Acetylcysteine protects patients with moderate chronic renal insufficiency from contrast-induced deterioration in renal function after coronary angiographic procedures, with minimal adverse effects and at a low cost"^[16]

A clinical trial from 2010, however, found that acetylcysteine is ineffective for the prevention of contrast-induced nephropathy. This trial, involving 2,308 patients, found that acetylcysteine was no better than placebo; whether acetylcysteine or placebo was used, the incidence of nephropathy was the same — 13%.^[17]

Acetylcysteine continues to be commonly used in individuals with renal impairment to prevent the precipitation of acute renal failure.^{[citation needed]}

Treatment of cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis[edit]

Acetylcysteine has been used for cyclophosphamide-induced hemorrhagic cystitis, although mesna is generally preferred due to the ability of acetylcysteine to diminish the effectiveness of cyclophosphamide. ^[18] ^[19]

Microbiological use[edit]

Acetylcysteine can be used in Petroff's method i.e. liquefaction and decontamination of sputum, in preparation for diagnosis of tuberculosis.

Interstitial lung disease[edit]

Acetylcysteine is used in the treatment of interstitial lung disease to prevent disease progression.^[20]^[21]^[22]^[23]

Psychiatry[edit]

Acetylcysteine has been shown to reduce the symptoms of both schizophrenia^[24] and bipolar disorder^[25] in two placebo controlled trials conducted at Melbourne University. It is thought to act via modulation of NMDA glutamate receptors or by increasing glutathione. Pilot data suggests potential efficacy in autism, cocaine craving, smoking, and obsessive symptoms.^[26] Replicatory trials in bipolar disorder, schizophrenia, and depression are currently under way in Geelong, Australia conducted by Dr. Michael Berk of Barwon Health & Deakin University.^[27]^[28]^[29]

Polycystic ovary syndrome[edit]

In a small prospective trial comparing acetylcysteine to metformin (which is the standard drug treatment for PCOS), both treatments resulted in a significant decrease in body mass index, hirsutism score, fasting insulin, HOMA index, free testosterone and menstrual irregularity compared with baseline values, and both treatments had equal efficacy.^[30]

Adverse effects[edit]

Researchers at the University of Virginia reported in 2007 study using very large doses in a mouse model that acetylcysteine could potentially cause damage to the heart and lungs.^[31] They found that acetylcysteine was metabolized to S-nitroso-N-acetylcysteine (SNOAC), which increased blood pressure in the lungs and right ventricle of the heart (pulmonary artery hypertension) in mice treated with acetylcysteine. The effect was similar to that observed following a 3-week exposure to an oxygen-deprived environment (chronic hypoxia). The authors also found that SNOAC induced a hypoxia-like response in the expression of several important genes both in vitro and in vivo.

The implications of these findings for long-term treatment with acetylcysteine have not yet been investigated. The dose used by Palmer and colleagues was dramatically higher than that used in humans, the equivalent of about 20 grams per day;^[32]^[31] nonetheless, positive effects on age-diminished control of respiration (the hypoxic ventilatory response) have been observed previously in human subjects at more moderate doses.^[33]

Complexing agent[edit]

Acetylcysteine has been used to complex palladium, to help it dissolve in water. This helps to remove palladium from drugs or precursors synthesized by palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions.^[34]

Chemistry[edit]

Acetylcysteine is the N-acetyl derivative of the amino acid L-cysteine, and is a precursor in the formation of the antioxidant glutathione in the body. The thiol (sulfhydryl) group confers antioxidant effects and is able to reduce free radicals.

Dosage forms[edit]

Acetylcysteine is available in different dosage forms for different indications:

Solution for inhalation (Assist,Mucomyst, Mucosil) – inhaled for mucolytic therapy or ingested for nephroprotective effect (to protect the kidneys)
IV injection (Assist,Parvolex, Acetadote) – treatment of paracetamol/acetaminophen overdose
Oral solution – various indications.
Effervescent Tablets (200 mg) - Reolin (Hochland Pharma Germany), Solmucol (600 mg)(IBSA, Switzerland), Cystaline (Thailand), Mucinac (Cipla India), Siran (MegaPharm, Israel / Temmler Pharma, Germany), Amuco200 (Camox Pharmaceuticals, South Africa), ACC200 (Hexal Pharma, South Africa).
Ocular solution - for mucolytic therapy
Sachet (600 mg) - Bilim Pharmaceuticals, trebon N (Uni-Pharma Greece)
CysNAC (900 mg) – NeuroScience Inc.
PharmaNAC Effervescent Tablets (900 mg) - Bioadvantex Pharma.

The IV injection and inhalation preparations are, in general, prescription only, whereas the oral solution and the effervescent tablets are available over the counter in many countries.

Research[edit]

The following uses have not been well-established or investigated:

Acetylcysteine has been successfully used to aid in the treatment of cannabis dependence in adolescents.^[35]
Acetylcysteine has had anecdotal reports and some research suggesting efficacy in preventing nail biting.^[36]
Acetylcysteine is being tested in a double blind trial in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus.^[37] The objective is to correct mitochondrial dysfunction.
Acetylcysteine has been shown to reduce cravings associated with chronic cocaine use in a study conducted at the Medical University of South Carolina.^[38]^[39]
It may reduce the incidence of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) exacerbations.^[40]
In the treatment of AIDS, acetylcysteine has been shown to cause a "marked increase in immunological functions and plasma albumin concentrations".^[41] Albumin concentration are inversely correlated with muscle wasting (cachexia), a condition associated with AIDS.
A human study of 262 primarily elderly individuals indicates that acetylcysteine may decrease influenza symptoms. In the study, 25% of virus-infected subjects who received acetylcysteine treatment developed symptoms whereas 79% in the placebo group developed symptoms.^[42]
It has been suggested that acetylcysteine may help sufferers of Samter's triad by increasing levels of glutathione allowing faster breakdown of salicylates, though there is no evidence that it is of benefit.^[43]
There are claims that acetylcysteine taken together with vitamin C and B₁ can be used to prevent and relieve symptoms of veisalgia (hangover following ethanol (alcohol) consumption). The claimed mechanism is through scavenging of acetaldehyde, a toxic intermediate in the metabolism of ethanol.^[44]^[45]
It has been shown to help women with PCOS (polycystic ovary syndrome) to reduce insulin problems and possibly improve fertility.^[46]
Small studies have shown acetylcysteine to be of benefit to sufferers of blepharitis.^[47]
It has been shown to help trichotillomania,^[48] a condition causing compulsive hair-pulling as well as compulsive nailbiting.
It has been shown effective in the treatment of Unverricht-Lundborg disease in an open trial in 4 patients. A marked decrease in myoclonus and some normalization of somatosensory evoked potentials with acetylcysteine treatment has been documented.^[49]
Results of a research study published in the New England Journal of Medicine in November 2011, tested the effect of acetylcysteine in combination with glucocorticoids (combination group) for patients suffering from severe alcoholic hepatitis. The data showed that the combination of acetylcysteine with prednisolone decreased mortality significantly at one month compared to the prednisolone-only group (8% vs 24%, P=0.006). However, the improvement was not as significant at 3 months or 6 months (22% vs 34%, P=0.06) and (27% vs 38%, P=0.07). Factors that were associated with increased 6-month survival included younger age, shorter prothrombin time, lower levels of bilirubin in baseline studies, and decrease in bilirubin on day 14, all (P<0.001). Death due to hepatorenal syndrome occurred less frequently for the combination group at 6 months (9% vs 22%, P=0.02) and infections were also less frequent in the combination group as well (P=0.001). Six-month survival, the primary outcome, was not improved in conclusion.^[50]

Acetylcysteine appears to improve the clinical efficacy of B vitamins in patients with raised homocysteine and memory disorders, including dementia.^[51]

References[edit]

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^ ISSUE 25 (7–13 March). 2013. p. 12.
^ Michael Berk, David L. Copolov, Olivia Dean, Kristy Lu, Sue Jeavons, Ian Schapkaitz, Murray Anderson-Hunt, Ashley I. Bush (2008). "N-Acetyl Cysteine for Depressive Symptoms in Bipolar Disorder—A Double-Blind Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial". Biological Psychiatry 64: 468–475.
^ Michael Berk, David Copolov, Olivia Dean, Kristy Lu, Sue Jeavons, Ian Schapkaitz, Murray Anderson-Hunt, Fiona Judd, Fiona Katz, Paul Katz, Sean Ording-Jespersen, John Little, Philippe Conus, Michel Cuenod, Kim Q. Do, Ashley I. Bush (2008). "N-Acetyl Cysteine as a Glutathione Precursor for Schizophrenia—A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial". Biological Psychiatry 64: 361–368.
^ Clinical, endocrine and metabolic effects of metformin vs N-acetyl-cysteine in women with polycystic ovary syndrome. PMID 21831508. Retrieved 18 May 2013.
^ ^a ^b Palmer, Lisa A.; Doctor, Allan; Chhabra, Preeti; Sheram, Mary Lynn; Laubach, Victor E.; Karlinsey, Molly Z.; Forbes, Michael S.; MacDonald, Timothy; Gaston, Benjamin (2007). "S-Nitrosothiols signal hypoxia-mimetic vascular pathology". Journal of Clinical Investigation 117 (9): 2592–601. doi:10.1172/JCI29444. PMC 1952618. PMID 17786245.
^ "The Overlooked Compound That Saves Lives". Retrieved July 8, 2013. Julius Goepp, MD. Published in Life Extension, May 2010, quote: ". . . the doses they used correspond to a human dose of about 20 grams (20,000 mg) per day."
^ Hildebrandt, W.; Alexander, S; Bärtsch, P; Dröge, W (2002). "Effect of N-acetyl-cysteine on the hypoxic ventilatory response and erythropoietin production: linkage between plasma thiol redox state and O2 chemosensitivity". Blood 99 (5): 1552–5. doi:10.1182/blood.V99.5.1552. PMID 11861267.
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^ Gray, KM; Carpenter (1). "A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial of N-Acetylcysteine in Cannabis-Dependent Adolescents". Am J Psychiatry 169: 805–812.
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^ ClinicalTrials.gov NCT00775476 Treatment of Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) with N-Aetyl Cysteine (NAC)
^ Mardikian, P; Larowe, S; Hedden, S; Kalivas, P; Malcolm, R (2007). "An open-label trial of N-acetylcysteine for the treatment of cocaine dependence: A pilot study". Progress in Neuro-Psychopharmacology and Biological Psychiatry 31 (2): 389–94. doi:10.1016/j.pnpbp.2006.10.001. PMID 17113207.
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^ Fulghesu, A; Ciampelli, M; Muzj, G; Belosi, C; Selvaggi, L; Ayala, GF; Lanzone, A (2002). "N-acetyl-cysteine treatment improves insulin sensitivity in women with polycystic ovary syndrome". Fertility and Sterility 77 (6): 1128–35. doi:10.1016/S0015-0282(02)03133-3. PMID 12057717.
^ Aitio, Mirja-Liisa (2006). "N-acetylcysteine - passe-partout or much ado about nothing?". British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 61 (1): 5–15. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2125.2005.02523.x. PMC 1884975. PMID 16390346. and has been shown to reduce ocular soreness caused by Sjogren's syndrome.Williamson, J; Doig, W M; Forrester, J V; Tham, M H; Wilson, T; Whaley, K; Dick, W C (1974). "Management of the dry eye in Sjogren's syndrome". British Journal of Ophthalmology 58 (9): 798–805. doi:10.1136/bjo.58.9.798. PMC 1215027. PMID 4433493.
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External links[edit]

U.S. National Library of Medicine: Drug Information Portal - Acetylcysteine

UpToDate Contents

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1. 成人におけるアセトアミノフェン（パラセタモール）中毒：治療 acetaminophen paracetamol poisoning in adults treatment
2. 慢性閉塞性肺疾患（COPD）治療における粘膜作用剤の役割 role of mucoactive agents in the treatment of copd
3. 嚢胞性線維症：肺疾患治療の概要 cystic fibrosis overview of the treatment of lung disease
4. 造影剤誘発性腎症の予防 prevention of contrast induced nephropathy
5. 成人における急性肝不全：マネージメントおよび予後 acute liver failure in adults management and prognosis

English Journal

N-acetyl cysteine alleviates inflammatory reaction of oral epithelial cells to poly (methyl methacrylate) extract.

Nishimiya H1, Yamada M, Ueda T, Sakurai K.
Acta odontologica Scandinavica.Acta Odontol Scand.2015 Nov;73(8):616-25. doi: 10.3109/00016357.2015.1021834. Epub 2015 Apr 27.
OBJECTIVES: The purpose of this in vitro study was to determine whether the cytotoxicity of self-curing polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) dental resin to oral epithelial cells was eliminated by mixing the antioxidant amino acid derivative, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) with the material.MATERIALS AND METHODS
PMID 25915728

Glucocorticoids: Dose-related effects on osteoclast formation and function via reactive oxygen species and autophagy.

Shi J1, Wang L1, Zhang H1, Jie Q1, Li X1, Shi Q2, Huang Q1, Gao B1, Han Y1, Guo K1, Liu J3, Yang L4, Luo Z5.
Bone.Bone.2015 Oct;79:222-32. doi: 10.1016/j.bone.2015.06.014. Epub 2015 Jun 24.
Whether glucocorticoids directly enhance or interrupt osteoclastogenesis is still a controversial subject. In this study, we ascertained the dose-dependent positive effects of glucocorticoids on osteoclastogenesis in vivo and in vitro as well as investigated the mechanism in vitro. As the dose of gl
PMID 26115910

Organic matter induced mobilization of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles from water-saturated sand.

Yang X1, Yin Z2, Chen F2, Hu J2, Yang Y3.
The Science of the total environment.Sci Total Environ.2015 Oct 1;529:182-90. doi: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.05.066. Epub 2015 May 23.
Mobilization of polymer-coated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) by anionic surfactant (sodium dodecylbenzenesulphonate: SDBS), amino acid derivative (N-acetylcysteine: NAC), and chelate (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid: EDTA) in water-saturated sand medium was explored based on carefully designed column
PMID 26011614

Japanese Journal

Purification, characterization, and primary structure of a novel N-acyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase from Microbacterium natoriense TNJL143-2(ENZYMOLOGY, PROTEIN ENGINEERING, AND ENZYME TECHNOLOGY)

Liu Jian,Asano Yu,Ikoma Keiko,Yamashita Satoshi,Hirose Yoshihiko,Shimoyama Takefumi,Takahashi Seiji,Nakayama Toru,Nishino Tokuzo
Journal of bioscience and bioengineering 114(4), 391-397, 2012-10
… A novel N-acyl-D-amino acid amidohydrolase (DAA) was purified from the cells of a novel species of the genus Microbacterium. … It acted on N-acylated hydrophobic D-amino acids with the highest preference for N-acetyl-D-phenylalanine (NADF). … The unique cysteine residue that serves as a ligand to the active-site zinc ions in AFD and other DAAs was not conserved in AcyM and was replaced by alanine. …
NAID 110009543722

N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine Inhibits Marble-Burying Behavior in Mice

EGASHIRA Nobuaki,SHIRAKAWA Atsunori,ABE Moe,NIKI Tomiko,MISHIMA Kenichi,IWASAKI Katsunori,OISHI Ryozo,FUJIWARA Michihiro
Journal of pharmacological sciences 119(1), 97-101, 2012-05-20
NAID 10030760504

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関連記事	「n」「N」「Nd」「acetyl」

「n」

Acetylcysteine
	IUPAC name 2-Acetamido-3-sulfanylpropanoic acid
Identifiers
CAS number	7218-04-4 , 616-91-1 R , 26117-28-2 S
PubChem	581, 12035 R, 94364 S
ChemSpider	561 , 11540 R , 85162 S
UNII	WYQ7N0BPYC
EC number	230-609-9
DrugBank	DB06151
KEGG	D00221 2
MeSH	Acetylcysteine
ChEBI	CHEBI:28939
ChEMBL	CHEMBL600
RTECS number	HA1660000 R
ATC code	R05CB01,S01XA08, V03AB23
Beilstein Reference	1724426 R
Gmelin Reference	142554 R
Jmol-3D images	Image 1
	SMILES CC(=O)NC(CS)C(O)=O ;
	InChI InChI=1S/C5H9NO3S/c1-3(7)6-4(2-10)5(8)9/h4,10H,2H2,1H3,(H,6,7)(H,8,9) ; Key: PWKSKIMOESPYIA-UHFFFAOYSA-N ;
Properties
Molecular formula	C5H9NO3S
Molar mass	163.19 g mol−1
Appearance	White, opaque crystals
Melting point	106-108 °C, 379-381 K, 223-226 °F
log P	−0.696
Acidity (pKa)	3.252
Basicity (pKb)	10.745
Pharmacology
Bioavailability	6–10% (oral); <3% (inhalational);
Routes of; administration	Inhalational; Intravenous; Oral;
Metabolism	Hepatic
Elimination; half-life	5.6 hours (adults); 11 hours (neonates);
Excretion	Renal
Licence data	US
Legal status	Prescription Only (S4)(AU) ; ℞-only(US)
Pregnancy; category	B2(AU) B(US)
Hazards
S-phrases	S22, S24/25
LD50	5050 mg kg−1 (oral, rat)
Related compounds
Related alkanoic acids	Glycylglycine; Iminodiacetic acid; Nitrilotriacetic acid; N-Oxalylglycine; Tiopronin; Bucillamine; Oxalyldiaminopropionic acid;
Related compounds	N-Acetylglycinamide
	(verify) (what is: /?); Except where noted otherwise, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C, 100 kPa)
	Infobox references

　　[★]

n.

例数

関: number of experiment、sample size

pの前の[n]はmと記載する。synptom→symptom

「N」

　　[★]

アスパラギン asparagine
窒素(原子、分子)

「Nd」

　　[★] ネオジム neodymium 　

「acetyl」

　　[★]

アセチル

関: Ac

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[27] ISSUE 25 (7–13 March). 2013. p. 12.

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[49] ttp://emedicine.medscape.com/article/1153370-overview

[NEJM.2011-50] Nguyen-Khac, E; Khac E.N., Thevenot T., Piquet M.A., Benferhat S., Goria O., Chatelain D., Tramier B., Dewaele F., Ghrib S., Rudler M., Carbonell N., Tossou H., Bental A., Chabert B.B., Dupas J.L. (11 October 2011). "Glucocorticoids plus N-Acetylcysteine in Severe Alcoholic Hepatitis". The New England Journal of Medicine (Massachusetts Medical Society) 365 (19): 1781–9. doi:10.1056/NEJMoa1101214. ISSN 0028-4793. PMID 22070475.

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案内

N-acetyl cysteine