Kidd式血液型

WordNet

(physical chemistry) a sample of matter in which substances in different phases are in equilibrium; "in a static system oil cannot be replaced by water on a surface"; "a system generating hydrogen peroxide"
instrumentality that combines interrelated interacting artifacts designed to work as a coherent entity; "he bought a new stereo system"; "the system consists of a motor and a small computer"
a group of independent but interrelated elements comprising a unified whole; "a vast system of production and distribution and consumption keep the country going" (同)scheme
a complex of methods or rules governing behavior; "they have to operate under a system they oppose"; "that language has a complex system for indicating gender" (同)system of rules
a group of physiologically or anatomically related organs or parts; "the body has a system of organs for digestion"
a procedure or process for obtaining an objective; "they had to devise a system that did not depend on cooperation"
the living body considered as made up of interdependent components forming a unified whole; "exercise helped him get the alcohol out of his system"
arrange into a group or groups; "Can you group these shapes together?"
(chemistry) two or more atoms bound together as a single unit and forming part of a molecule (同)radical, chemical group
any number of entities (members) considered as a unit (同)grouping
a set that is closed, associative, has an identity element and every element has an inverse (同)mathematical group
form a group or group together (同)aggroup
smear with blood, as in a hunting initiation rite, where the face of a person is smeared with the blood of the kill
temperament or disposition; "a person of hot blood"
people viewed as members of a group; "we need more young blood in this organization"
the fluid (red in vertebrates) that is pumped through the body by the heart and contains plasma, blood cells, and platelets; "blood carries oxygen and nutrients to the tissues and carries away waste products"; "the ancients believed that blood was the sea
the activity of putting things together in groups
a system for classifying things into groups (同)pigeonholing
Scottish sea captain who was hired to protect British shipping in the Indian Ocean and then was accused of piracy and hanged (1645-1701) (同)William Kidd, Captain Kidd

PrepTutorEJDIC

〈C〉(関連した部分から成る)『体系』,系統,組織[網],装置 / 〈C〉(教育・政治などの)『制度』,機構;《the~》体制 / 〈C〉(思想・学問などの)『体系』,学説 / 〈C〉(…の)『方法』,方式,やり方《+of doing》 / 〈U〉正しい方針(筋道,順序) / 〈U〉《the~》(身体の)組織,系統 / 〈U〉《the~,one's~》身体,全身
(…の)『群れ』,集まり,小集団《+of+名》 / (主義・系統・種類などを同じくする人・物の)『派』,『団体』 / (ポミュラーソング歌手の)グループ / (動・植物分類上の)群;(化学の)基,原子団;(地質学上の)界;(数学の)群;(言語学上の)語派 / …‘を'一群に集める,一団にする《+『名』+『together』》 / (系統的に)…‘を'分類する,調和よく配合する《+『名』+『together』》 / 集まる,群(集団)をなす
『血』,『血』液 / 流血(bloodshed);殺人 / 気質,気性,血気,血潮 / 『血統』,血縁(kinship);生まれ,家柄;《the~》王家の血統 / (人種・出身国の)系 / 〈人〉‘に'初めての経験をさせる / 〈猟犬〉‘に'初めて獲物を血を味わわせる
グループに分けること;分類法 / (集まった物の)配置,配合

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/04/06 19:07:14」(JST)

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1 Background and Summary
2 Genetics and Biochemistry
3 Kidd Antigens
- 3.1 Jka (JK1) and Jkb (JK2)
- 3.2 Jk(a-b-) and Jk3
4 Kidd Antibodies and Clinical Significance
- 4.1 Antibody Subtypes and Complement Fixation
- 4.2 Dosage
- 4.3 Laboratory Detection
- 4.4 Clinical Significance
5 Kidd Glycoprotein as Urea Transporter
6 Kidd Antibodies in Transplant Patients
7 References
8 External links

Background and Summary

The Kidd antigen system (also known as Jk antigen) is present on the membranes of red blood cells and the kidney and helps determine a person's blood type. The Jk antigen is found on a protein responsible for urea transport in the red blood cells and the kidney.^[1] The gene encoding this protein is found on chromosome 18.^[2] Three Jk alleles are Jk(a), Jk(b)and Jk3. Jk (a) was discovered by Allen et al. in the year 1951 and is named after a patient (Mrs Kidd delivered a baby with a haemolytic disease of the newborn associated with an antibody directed against a new antigen Jka). Whereas Jk (b) was discovered by Plant et al. in 1953, individuals who lack the Jk antigen (Jk null) are unable to maximally concentrate their urine.^[3]

The Jk antigen is important in transfusion medicine. People with two Jk(a) antigens, for instance, may form antibodies against donated blood containing two Jk(b) antigens (and thus no Jk(a) antigens). This can lead to hemolytic anemia, in which the body destroys the transfused blood, leading to low red blood cell counts. Another disease associated with the Jk antigen is hemolytic disease of the newborn (HDN), in which a pregnant woman's body creates antibodies against the blood of her fetus, leading to destruction of the fetal blood cells. HDN associated with Jk antibodies is typically mild, though fatal cases have been reported.^[4]

Genetics and Biochemistry

Kidd comprises three antigens on a glycoprotein with 10 transmembrane spanning domains, cytoplasmic N- and C-termini and one extracellular N-glycosylation site.^[5]

The Kidd gene has 11 exons with exons 4-11 encoding the mature protein. The Kidd gene (SLC14A1) is located on chromosome 18q12.3.

Kidd Antigens

Jka (JK1) and Jkb (JK2)

Jka and Jkb are the products of alleles with Asp280 and Asn280 in the fourth external loop of the Kidd glycoprotein. Jka and Jkb have similar prevalences in White and Asian populations but Jka is more common in Blacks than Jkb.^[6]

Kidd antigens are resistant to the proteolytic enzymes papain and ficin.^[7]

Jk(a-b-) and Jk3

Jk(a-b-) represents the null phenotype and usually results from homozygosity for a silent gene at the JK locus.^[8] The null phenotype is rare in most populations but does have increased prevalence in Polynesians (one in 400) and Niueans (1.4%).^[9]

In Polynesians the null allele contains a splice site mutation in intron 5 causing a loss of exon 6 from the mRNA product.

In Finns (null phenotype less rare than in other European populations), the null phenotype results from a mutation encoding a Ser291Pro substitution.

A rare null phenotype in Japanese individuals results from heterozygosity for an inhibitor gene- In(Jk) in analogy with the In(Lu) dominant inhibitor of Lutheran and other antigens.^[10]

Immunized individuals with the Jk(a-b-) phenotype may produce anti-Jk3.

Very weak expression of Jka and/or Jkb can be detected on In(Jk) red blood cells in adsorption/elution tests.^[11]

Kidd Antibodies and Clinical Significance

Antibody Subtypes and Complement Fixation

Anti-Jka and -Jkb are not common. They are usually warm-reacting IgG1 and IgG3 but may also include IgG2, IgG4 or IgM. Approximately 50% of anti-Jka and -Jkb antibodies are capable of binding complement.^[12]

Dosage

Kidd antibodies display dosage: red cells from homozygous individuals (JkaJka or Jk(a+b-)) express more antigen than heterozygous individuals (JkaJkb or Jk(a+b+)).^[13] Anti-Kidd antibodies appear to react more strongly against cells that are homozygous.

Laboratory Detection

Kidd antibodies can be difficult to detect by direct agglutination testing and generally require addition of antihuman globulin (AHG).

Clinical Significance

Kidd antibodies are dangerous as they are capable of causing severe acute hemolytic transfusion reactions ('kidd kills'). They are unique in that they are capable of dropping to low or even undetectable levels after several months following an exposure event.^[14] Thus, on pre-transfusion testing, an anti-Jka or -Jkb may go undetected and, following transfusion, a subsequent robust antibody response in the patient can occur (anamnestic response), resulting in hemolysis of the transfused red blood cells. Kidd antibodies are often capable of binding complement and causing intravascular hemolysis. More often, however, Kidd antibodies cause acute extravascular hemolysis.^[15] They often cause delayed hemolytic transfusion reactions (DHTRs). Kidd antibodies only rarely cause hemolytic disease of the fetus and newborn.^[16]

Kidd Glycoprotein as Urea Transporter

Kidd antigens are located on a red blood cell urea transporter (aka human urea transporter 11- HUT11 or UT-B1).^[17] As red blood cells approach the renal medulla (where there is a high concentration of urea), the urea transporter allows for rapid uptake of urea and prevents cell shrinkage in the hypertonic environment of the medulla.^[18] As the red cell leaves the medulla, the urea is transported back out of the cell, preventing cellular swelling and preventing the urea from being carried away from the kidney.^[19] HUT11 was detected on endothelial cells of the vasa recta (vascular supply of the renal medulla) but it is not present in renal tubules.^[20]

Due to absence of the urea transporter, Jk(a-b-) cells are not hemolyzed by 2M urea. This can be used as a screening test for Jk(a-b-) donors.^[21]

The Jk(a-b-) phenotype has no clinical defect, although two individuals with this phenotype have been reported to have mild urine-concentrating defects.^[22]

Kidd Antibodies in Transplant Patients

Kidd antibodies are capable of behaving as histocompatibility antigens in renal transplants and may be responsible for allograft rejection in some cases.^[23]

References

Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 111000 - OMIM page on the Kidd antigen system protein

^ Olives B, Mattei MG, Huet M, Neau P, Martial S, Cartron JP, Bailly P. Kidd blood group and urea transport function of human erythrocytes are carried by the same protein. J Biol Chem. 1995 Jun 30;270(26):15607-10. doi:10.1074/jbc.270.26.15607 PMID 7797558
^ Geitvik GA, Hoyheim B, Gedde-Dahl T, Grzeschik KH, Lothe R, Tomter H, Olaisen B. The Kidd (JK) blood group locus assigned to chromosome 18 by close linkage to a DNA-RFLP. Hum Genet. 1987 Nov;77(3):205-9. doi:10.1007/BF00284470 PMID 2890568
^ Sands JM, Gargus JJ, Frohlich O, Gunn RB, Kokko JP. Urinary concentrating ability in patients with Jk(a-b-) blood type who lack carrier-mediated urea transport. J Am Soc Nephrol. 1992 Jun;2(12):1689-96. PMID 1498276
^ Kim WD, Lee YH. A fatal case of severe hemolytic disease of newborn associated with anti-Jk(b). J Korean Med Sci. 2006 Feb;21(1):151-4. PMID 16479082
^ Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
^ Klein HG, Anstee DJ. Mollison's Blood Transfusion in Clinical Medicine. 11th Ed. Oxford: Blackwell Publishing, 2005.
^ Mais DD. ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. Chicago: ASCP Press, 2009.
^ Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
^ Mais DD. ASCP Quick Compendium of Clinical Pathology, 2nd Ed. Chicago: ASCP Press, 2009.
^ Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
^ Sands JM. Molecular Mechanisms of Urea Transport. J Membr Biol 2003; 191: 149-63.
^ Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
^ Roback et al. AABB Technical Manual, 16th Ed. Bethesda, AABB Press, 2008.
^ Sands JM, Gargus JJ, Frohlich O, et al. Urinary Concentrating Ability in Patients with Jk(a-b-) Blood Type Who Lack Carrier-Mediated Urea Transport. J Am Soc Nephrol 1992; 2: 1689-96.
^ Hold S, Donaldson H, Hazelhurst G, et al. Acute Transplant Rejection Induced By Blood Transfusion Reaction to the Kidd Blood Group System. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2004; 19: 2403-6.

External links

Kidd at BGMUT Blood Group Antigen Gene Mutation Database at NCBI, NIH

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English Journal

A challenging case of pregnancy with placenta accreta and very rare irregular antibodies versus Cromer blood group system: a case report.

Busani S1, Ghirardini A2, Petrella E3, Neri I4, Casari F5, Venturelli D6, De Santis M7, Montagnani G8, Facchinetti F9, Girardis M10.
Journal of medical case reports.J Med Case Rep.2015 May 15;9:112. doi: 10.1186/s13256-015-0607-7.
INTRODUCTION: This report describes the challenges of treating a pregnant woman who had a rare case of critical placenta accreta with concurrent Cromer system anti-Tc(a) and anti-Kidd A alloantibodies. No previous case of such alloimmunization in a patient with placenta accreta has been reported.CAS
PMID 25975935

The detection of blood group phenotypes using paper diagnostics.

Then WL1, Li M, McLiesh H, Shen W, Garnier G.
Vox sanguinis.Vox Sang.2015 Feb;108(2):186-96. doi: 10.1111/vox.12195. Epub 2014 Sep 9.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Paper biodiagnostics for blood typing are novel, cheap, fast and easy to use. Agglutinated red blood cells cannot travel through the porous structure of paper, indicating a positive antibody-antigen interaction has occurred. Conversely, non-agglutinated blood can disperse
PMID 25201052

Duffy and Kidd Genotyping Facilitates Pretransfusion Testing in Patients Undergoing Long-Term Transfusion Therapy.

Remeikiene D1, Ugenskiene R, Inciura A, Savukaityte A, Raulinaityte D, Skrodeniene E, Simoliuniene R, Juozaityte E.
Turkish journal of haematology : official journal of Turkish Society of Haematology.Turk J Haematol.2014 Dec 5;31(4):367-373. doi: 10.4274/tjh.2013.0075.
in

English, TurkishAmaç: Eritrositlerin ABO ve RhD sistemleri dışındaki konvansiyonel serolojik tiplendirmesini son zamanlarda sık kan transfüzyonu yapılmış olan kişilerde yorumlamak yanlış ve zor olabilir. Bazı moleküler incelemeler henüz rutin olarak kullanılmamasına rağmen,

PMID 25541653

Japanese Journal

Kidd式血液型とその抗体 (広範囲血液・尿化学検査免疫学的検査(第7版・3)その数値をどう読むか) -- (免疫学的検査血液型および輸血検査)

小池いづみ
日本臨床 68(-) (980), 767-769, 2010-06
NAID 40017181891

DETERMINATION OF HOMOZYGOTE VS HETEROGOTE OF BLOOD GROUP ANTIGENS WITH PROTEIN A

LOREN ALAN,CHARMAN DAVID,JABS DEAN,YOKOYAMA M. MITSUO
The Kurume Medical Journal 27(2), 71-77, 1980
… By sensitizing human red blood cells with corresponding antisera specific to blood group antigens and subsequent rosette formation with Staphylococcus aureus, we were able to distinguish homozygosity of the antigens from heterozygosity. … Three blood group systems : Rh, Kell and Kidd were used in this study. …
NAID 130000889929