出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2015/07/19 21:05:52」(JST)
Names | |
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Systematic IUPAC name
Hydroxidodioxidocarbonate(1−)[1]
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Other names
Hydrogencarbonate[1]
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Identifiers | |
CAS Registry Number
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71-52-3 Y |
3DMet | B00080 |
Beilstein Reference
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3903504 |
ChEBI | CHEBI:17544 Y |
ChEMBL | ChEMBL363707 Y |
ChemSpider | 749 Y |
Gmelin Reference
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49249 |
InChI
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Jmol-3D images | Image Image |
KEGG | C00288 Y |
PubChem | 769 |
SMILES
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Properties | |
Chemical formula
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HCO− 3 |
Molar mass | 61.0168 g mol−1 |
log P | −0.82 |
Acidity (pKa) | 10.3 (Conjugate acid of carbonate) |
Basicity (pKb) | 7.7 (Conjugate base of carbonic acid) |
Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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Infobox references | |
In inorganic chemistry, bicarbonate (IUPAC-recommended nomenclature: hydrogen carbonate[2]) is an intermediate form in the deprotonation of carbonic acid. It is a polyatomic anion with the chemical formula HCO3−.
Bicarbonate serves a crucial biochemical role in the physiological pH buffering system.[3]
The term "bicarbonate" was coined in 1814 by the English chemist William Hyde Wollaston.[4] The prefix "bi" in "bicarbonate" comes from an outdated naming system and is based on the observation that there is two times as much carbonate (CO3) per sodium ion in sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and other bicarbonates as in sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) and other carbonates.[5]
The bicarbonate ion (hydrogencarbonate ion) is an anion with the empirical formula HCO3− and a molecular mass of 61.01 daltons; it consists of one central carbon atom surrounded by three oxygen atoms in a trigonal planar arrangement, with a hydrogen atom attached to one of the oxygens. It is isoelectronic with nitric acid HNO
3. The bicarbonate ion carries a negative one formal charge and is the conjugate base of carbonic acid H
2CO
3; at the same time, it is the conjugate acid of CO2−
3, the carbonate ion, as shown by these equilibrium reactions:
A bicarbonate salt forms when a positively charged ion attaches to the negatively charged oxygen atoms of the ion, forming an ionic compound. Many bicarbonates are soluble in water at standard temperature and pressure, in particular sodium bicarbonate contributes to total dissolved solids, a common parameter for assessing water quality.[citation needed]
Bicarbonate (HCO3−) is alkaline, and a vital component of the pH buffering system[3] of the human body (maintaining acid-base homeostasis). 70-75% of CO2 in the body is converted into carbonic acid (H2CO3), which can quickly turn into bicarbonate.
With carbonic acid as the central intermediate species, bicarbonate – in conjunction with water, hydrogen ions, and carbon dioxide – forms this buffering system, which is maintained at the volatile equilibrium[3] required to provide prompt resistance to drastic pH changes in both the acidic and basic directions. This is especially important for protecting tissues of the central nervous system, where pH changes too far outside of the normal range in either direction could prove disastrous (see acidosis or alkalosis).
Bicarbonate also acts to regulate pH in the small intestine. It is released from the pancreas in response to the hormone secretin to neutralize the acidic chyme entering the duodenum from the stomach.[6]
In freshwater ecology, strong photosynthetic activity by freshwater plants in daylight releases gaseous oxygen into the water and at the same time produces bicarbonate ions. These shift the pH upward until in certain circumstances the degree of alkalinity can become toxic to some organisms or can make other chemical constituents such as ammonia toxic. In darkness, when no photosynthesis occurs, respiration processes release carbon dioxide, and no new bicarbonate ions are produced, resulting in a rapid fall in pH.
The most common salt of the bicarbonate ion is sodium bicarbonate, NaHCO3, which is commonly known as baking soda. When heated or exposed to an acid such as acetic acid (vinegar), sodium bicarbonate releases carbon dioxide. This is used as a leavening agent in baking.
The flow of bicarbonate ions from rocks weathered by the carbonic acid in rainwater is an important part of the carbon cycle.
Bicarbonate also serves much in the digestive system. It raises the internal pH of the stomach, after highly acidic digestive juices have finished in their digestion of food. Ammonium bicarbonate is used in digestive biscuit manufacture.
In diagnostic medicine, the blood value of bicarbonate is one of several indicators of the state of acid-base physiology in the body. It is measured, along with carbon dioxide, chloride, potassium, and sodium, to assess electrolyte levels in an electrolyte panel test (which has Current Procedural Terminology, CPT, code 80051).
The parameter standard bicarbonate concentration (SBCe) is the bicarbonate concentration in the blood at a PaCO2 of 40 mmHg (5.33 kPa), full oxygen saturation and 36 °C.[7]
Look up bicarbonate in Wiktionary, the free dictionary. |
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国試過去問 | 「100G104」「104H005」「103B020」 |
リンク元 | 「100Cases 30」「糖尿病性ケトアシドーシス」「代謝性アシドーシス」「代謝性アルカローシス」「酸塩基平衡異常」 |
拡張検索 | 「Cl-/HCO3-交換輸送体」「Cl- HCO3- exchanger」「Na+-HCO3- cotransporter」「Na+/HCO3-共輸送体」 |
C
※国試ナビ4※ [100G103]←[国試_100]→[100G105]
B
※国試ナビ4※ [104H004]←[国試_104]→[104H006]
B
※国試ナビ4※ [103B019]←[国試_103]→[103B021]
原発性無月経 | 続発性無月経 | |
視床下部性無月経 | カルマン症候群 | 視床下部の機能障害 |
フレーリヒ症候群 | 神経性食欲不振症 | |
Laurence-Moon-Biedl症候群 | 体重減少性無月経 | |
プラダ・ウィリ症候群 | 高プロラクチン血症 | |
Chiari-Frommel症候群 | ||
Argonz-del Castillo症候群 | ||
下垂体性無月経 | 先天性ゴナドトロピン欠損症 | シーハン症候群 |
empty sella症候群 | 下垂体腺腫 | |
Forbes-Albright症候群 | ||
卵巣性無月経 | 性腺形成不全 | 早発卵巣機能不全 |
ターナー症候群 | 多嚢胞性卵巣症候群 | |
卵巣摘出 | ||
卵巣の放射線障害 | ||
子宮性無月経 | ロキタンスキー・キュスター・ハウザー症候群 | アッシャーマン症候群 |
子宮奇形 | 子宮内膜炎 | |
処女膜閉鎖 | 子宮摘出術後 | |
膣性無月経 | 処女膜閉鎖症 | |
膣閉鎖症 | ||
その他 | 半陰陽(先天性副腎過形成、アンドロゲン不応症) | Cushing症候群 |
Addison病 | ||
Basedow病 | ||
甲状腺機能低下症 | ||
糖尿病 | ||
生理的 | 妊娠、産褥、授乳、閉経 |
糖尿病ケトアシドーシス : 約 90,300 件 糖尿病性ケトアシドーシス : 約 61,300 件
DKA | HONK | ||
糖尿病病型 | 1型糖尿病 | 2型糖尿病 | |
発症年齢 | 若年 | 高齢 | |
前駆症状 | 多飲、多尿、消化器症状 | 特異的なものはない | |
身体異常 | 脱水、アセトン臭、クスマウル大呼吸 | 脱水、アセトン臭-、中枢神経症状(痙攣、振戦) | |
検査所見 | 尿ケトン体 | (+)~(++) | (-)~(±) |
血糖値(mg/dL) | 300~1000 | 600~1500 | |
浸透圧(mOsm/L) | >300 | >350 | |
Na (mEq/L) | 正常~軽度低下 | >150mEq/L | |
pH | <7.3 | 7.3~7.4 | |
BUN | 上昇 | 著明上昇 | |
K | ↑ | ↑ |
HCO3- | pCO2 | |
呼吸性アシドーシス | ↑ | ↑ |
呼吸性アルカローシス | ↓ | ↓ |
代謝性アシドーシス | ↓ | ↑ |
代謝性アルカローシス | ↑ | ↓ |
HCO3- | pCO2 | |
呼吸性アシドーシス | ↑ | ↑ |
呼吸性アルカローシス | ↓ | ↓ |
代謝性アシドーシス | ↓ | ↑ |
代謝性アルカローシス | ↑ | ↓ |
pH | PaCO2 | HCO3- | Cl- | K+ | 原因 | 症状 | |
呼吸性アシドーシス | ↓ | ↑ | ↑(腎代償) | ↓ | ↑→ | 呼吸不全(上気道閉塞、気管支喘息重症発作、慢性閉塞性肺疾患、肺結核後遺症(胸郭形成術後)、神経筋疾患) | 表存性呼吸、脱力感、意識障害・昏睡 |
呼吸性アルカローシス | ↑ | ↓ | ↓(腎代償) | → | ↓ | 過換気(過換気症候群、間質性肺炎、肺血栓塞栓症) | 表存性呼吸、チアノーゼ、脱力感、意識障害・昏睡 |
代謝性アシドーシス | ↓ | ↑(呼吸代償) | ↓ | ↑→ | ↑→ | 消化管からのHCO3-喪失(下痢)・腎からのHCO3-喪失(低アルドステロン症) 有機酸の蓄積(乳酸アシドーシス、糖尿病性ケトアシドーシス、腎不全) |
周期性深呼吸、脱力感、意識障害・昏睡 |
代謝性アルカローシス | ↑ | ↓(呼吸代償) | ↑ | ↓ | ↓ | 消化管からのH+の喪失(嘔吐、下痢?) 腎からのH+喪失(原発性アルドステロン症、低カリウム血症、利尿剤の使用) |
過深呼吸、筋緊張・反射亢進、痙攣 |
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