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Eikenella corrodens is a fastidious Gram-negative facultative anaerobic bacillus. It was first identified by M. Eiken in 1958, who called it Bacteroides corrodens.^[1]

Microbiology

E. corrodens is a pleomorphic bacillus that sometimes appears coccobacillary and typically creates a depression (or "pit") in the agar on which it is growing. Only half produce the pitting of the agar considered characteristic.

It grows in aerobic and anaerobic conditions, but requires an atmosphere enhanced by 3–10% carbon dioxide.

The colonies are small and greyish, they produce a greenish discoloration of the underlying agar, and smell faintly of bleach (hypochlorite).

They are oxidase-positive, catalase-negative, urease-negative, and indole-negative, and reduce nitrate to nitrite.

In 2006, Azakami et al reported that the periodontal pathogen E. corrodens have ortholog of luxS, the gene required for Quorum sensing (QS) signal molecule AI-2 synthesis and E. corrodens can produce AI-2 signal for cell to cell communication and AI-2 has a role on biofilm formation by E. corrodens.^[5] Karim et al reported that this bacteria can produce AI-2 inactivation enzyme during its stationary phase.^[6] Karim et al also reported that LuxS mediated QS may facilitate the maturation and detachment of biofilm formation in E.corrodens, which can leads to progression of periodontal disease.^[7]

Medical importance

E. corrodens is a commensal of the human mouth and upper respiratory tract. It is an unusual cause of infection and when it is cultured, it is most usually found mixed with other organisms. Infections most commonly occur in patients with cancers of the head and neck,^[2] but it is also common in human bite infections, especially "reverse bite" or "fight bite", or "clenched fist injuries".^[3] It also causes infections in insulin-dependent diabetics and intravenous drug users who lick their needles ("needle-licker's osteomyelitis").^[4] It is one of the HACEK group of infections which are a cause of culture-negative endocarditis.

E. corrodens infections are typically indolent (the infection does not become clinically evident until a week or more after the injury). They also mimic anaerobic infection in being extremely foul-smelling.

Treatment

E. corrodens can be treated with penicillins, cephalosporins, or tetracyclines. It is innately resistant to macrolides (e.g., erythromycin), clindamycin, and metronidazole). It is susceptible to fluoroquinolones (e.g., ciprofloxacin) in vitro, but no clinical evidence is available to advocate their use in these infections.

In popular culture

E. corrodens is mentioned in The Tennis Partner, a memoir by Abraham Verghese.^[5]

It is also mentioned in Episode 22, "Punch line" of the sixth season of the television docudrama, "Forensic Files."

It is also mentioned in Season 3, Episode 8, "Whac-A-Mole" (at 20:51 min) of the TV show House, M.D.

References

^ Eiken M (1958). "Studies on an anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative microorganism: Bacteroides corrodens N. sp.". Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 43: 404–16. doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1958.tb04677.x.
^ Sheng WS, Hsueh PR, Hung CC; et al. (2001). "Clinical features of patients with invasive Eikenella corrodens infections and microbiological characteristics of the causative isolates". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 20 (4): 231–6. doi:10.1007/s100960100477. PMID 11399011.
^ Goldstein EJC. (1992). "Bite wounds and infections". Clin Infect Dis 14 (3): 633–40. doi:10.1093/clinids/14.3.633. PMID 1562653.
^ Swisher LA, Roberts JR, Glynn MJ. (1994). "Needle licker's osteomyelitis". Am J Emerg Med 12: 343–6. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(94)90156-2. PMID 8179747.
^ Verghese, Abraham (1998). The Tennis Partner, pg 61-62. Harper Perennial. p. 345. ISBN 0-06-093113-2.

6. Azakami H., Teramura I, Matsunaga T, Akimichi H, Noiri Y, Ebisu S, Kato A.(Aug,2006).Characterization of autoinducer 2 signal in Eikenella corrodens and its role in biofilm formation. J Biosci Bioeng;102(2):110-7.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Characterization+of+autoinducer+2+signal+in+Eikenella+corrodens+and+its+role+in+biofilm+formation

7. Karim MM1, Nagao A, Mansur FJ, Matsunaga T, Akakabe Y, Noiri Y, Ebisu S, Kato A, Azakami H. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem (2013). The periodontopathogenic bacterium Eikenella corrodens produces an autoinducer-2-inactivating enzyme;77(5):1080-5.http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=The+periodontopathogenic+bacterium+Eikenella+corrodens+produces+an+autoinducer-2-inactivating+enzyme

8. Karim MM1, Hisamoto T, Matsunaga T, Asahi Y, Noiri Y, Ebisu S, Kato A, Azakami H (Sep, 2013).LuxS affects biofilm maturation and detachment of the periodontopathogenic bacterium Eikenella corrodens.J Biosci Bioeng;116(3):313-8 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=LuxS+affects+biofilm+maturation+and+detachment+of+the+periodontopathogenic+bacterium+Eikenella+corrodens

External links

Eikenella corrodens at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)
"Eikenella corrodens". NCBI Taxonomy Browser. 539.

UpToDate Contents

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1. ヒト咬傷による軟部組織感染 soft tissue infections due to human bites
2. 嫌気性細菌感染 anaerobic bacterial infections
3. 動物およびヒトによる咬傷の初期マネージメント initial management of animal and human bites
4. 眼窩蜂巣炎 orbital cellulitis
5. 注射剤使用者における感染性心内膜炎 infective endocarditis in injection drug users

English Journal

Detection of periodontal bacteria in atheromatous plaque by nested polymerase chain reaction.

Figuero E, Sanchez-Beltran M, Cuesta-Frechoso S, Tejerina JM, Del Castro JA, Gutierrez JM, Herrera D, Sanz M.SourceSection of Graduate Periodontology, Faculty of Dentistry, Complutense University, Madrid, Spain.
Journal of periodontology.J Periodontol.2011 Oct;82(10):1469-77. Epub 2011 Mar 29.
Background: In recent years, increasing evidence regarding the potential association between periodontal diseases and cardiovascular diseases has been identified. The available evidence underlines the importance of detecting periodontal pathogens on atheromatous plaque as the first step in demonstra
PMID 21453047

Clinical periodontal and microbiologic parameters in patients with rheumatoid arthritis.

Ziebolz D, Pabel SO, Lange K, Krohn-Grimberghe B, Hornecker E, Mausberg RF.SourceDepartment of Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology and Cariology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.
Journal of periodontology.J Periodontol.2011 Oct;82(10):1424-32. Epub 2011 Mar 15.
Background: A limited number of studies suggest a prevalence of periodontal pathogens in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA); however, results are inconsistent. The aim of this study is to investigate clinical periodontal and microbiologic parameters in patients with RA. Methods: Sixty-six pati
PMID 21405936

Japanese Journal

Pasteurella感染症を代表とした動物咬傷 (特集知っておきたい,見落としやすい,危険な感染症)

福地貴彦
救急医学 36(5), 558-560, 2012-05
NAID 40019326577

Eikenella corrodens感染症4症例の臨床細菌学的検討

正木孝幸,松本珠美
保健科学研究誌 (9), 7-13, 2012-03-31
NAID 40019323818

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リンク元	「細菌の鑑別」「エイケネラ属」「エイケネラ」
拡張検索	「Eikenella属」

「細菌の鑑別」

Eikenella
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Proteobacteria
Class:	Beta Proteobacteria
Order:	Neisseriales
Family:	Neisseriaceae
Genus:	Eikenella
Species:	corrodens

　　[★]

関: 細菌

グラム陽性菌の鑑別 LAB.994

菌種	形態	抗酸性	芽胞	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖分解	OF試験
Micrococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	D	O/－
Staphylococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Aerococcus	C	－	－	－	＋	W	W/－	－	＋	F
Streptococcus	C	－	－	＋/－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Pediococcus	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
Gemella	C.	－	－	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
嫌気性球菌*1	C	－	－	－	－	＋	－	－	＋/－	F/－
Kurthia	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	－	－
Corynebacterium	R	－	－	－	＋	＋	＋	－	＋/－	F/－
Listeria	R	－	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Erysipelothnx	R		－	－	＋	＋			＋	F
Lactobacillus
Arachnia*2
Rothia	R	－	－	－	＋	－	＋	●	＋	F
Propiombacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	＋	.	＋	F
Achnomyces	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	●	＋	F
Bifidobacterium
Eubacterium	R	－	－	－	－	＋	－	.	＋/－	F/－
Clostridium	R	－	<＋>	D	－	＋	－	●	D	F/－
Bacillus	R	－	<＋>	D	＋	D	＋	d	D	F/O/－
Nocardia	R	W	－	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Mycobacterium	R	＋	－	－	＋	.	＋	－	＋	O/NT
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌

グラム陰性菌の鑑別 LAB.995

(再編集の時に－*に注意)

菌種	形態	運動性	空気中での発育	嫌気条件下での発育	カタラーゼ	オキシダーゼ	ブドウ糖(酸)	OF試験
Bacteroides	R	－	－	＋	d	－	D	F/－
Veillonella	C	－	－	＋	D	・	－	－
Neissena	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Branhamella	C	－	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Acinetobacter	C/R	－	＋	－	＋	－	＋	O
Moraxella	R	－	＋		＋	＋	－
Brucella
Bordetella
Chromobacterium lividum	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Alcahsenes	R	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	－	－
Flavobacterium	R	－	＋	－	＋	＋	＋	O
Pseudomonas	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	O
Actinobacillus	R	－	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Pasteurella
Necromonas
Cardiobacterium	R	－	＋	＋	－	＋	＋	F
Chromobacterium violaceum
Beneckea	R	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	＋	F
Vibrio
Plesiomonas
Aeromonas
腸内細菌	R	D	＋	＋	＋	－	＋	F
Haemophilus	R	－	＋	＋	D	－	D	NT
Eikenella	R	－	－*	＋	－	＋	－	－
Campylobacter	R	＋	－+1	－	D	＋	－	－
Streptobacillus+2	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
マイコプラズマ	R	－	＋	＋	－	－	＋	F
1:Peptococcus, Peptostreptococus(あるいは Leuconostoc) 2:あるいはActinomyces odontolyticus D:その属の菌種によって反応が異なる。　d: 菌種によって反応が異なる。 F:発酵 O:酸化 W:弱反応・:不明 NT:テストできない <＋>:芽胞非形成筋もある C:球菌 R:桿菌・: 不明 *: 空気中では発育せず。空気CO2で発育。+1: 好気的または嫌気的には発育せず。5-6%O2中で発育。+2: あるいはShigella dysenteriae 1

「エイケネラ属」

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ラ: Eikenella
同: Eikenella属、エイケネラ、イケネラ属
関: 細菌

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エイケネラ : 約 900 件
イケネラ : 31 件
エイケネラ属 : 58 件
イケネラ属 : 3 件

ナイセリアの一属

「エイケネラ」

　　[★]

ラ: Eikenella
関: エイケネラ属、Eikenella属

「Eikenella属」

　　[★]

ラ: Eikenella
関: エイケネラ属、エイケネラ

[1] Eiken M (1958). "Studies on an anaerobic, rod-shaped, gram-negative microorganism: Bacteroides corrodens N. sp.". Acta Pathol Microbiol Scand 43: 404–16. doi:10.1111/j.1699-0463.1958.tb04677.x.

[2] Sheng WS, Hsueh PR, Hung CC; et al. (2001). "Clinical features of patients with invasive Eikenella corrodens infections and microbiological characteristics of the causative isolates". Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 20 (4): 231–6. doi:10.1007/s100960100477. PMID 11399011.

[3] Goldstein EJC. (1992). "Bite wounds and infections". Clin Infect Dis 14 (3): 633–40. doi:10.1093/clinids/14.3.633. PMID 1562653.

[4] Swisher LA, Roberts JR, Glynn MJ. (1994). "Needle licker's osteomyelitis". Am J Emerg Med 12: 343–6. doi:10.1016/0735-6757(94)90156-2. PMID 8179747.

[5] Verghese, Abraham (1998). The Tennis Partner, pg 61-62. Harper Perennial. p. 345. ISBN 0-06-093113-2.

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Eikenella