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The green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae) are a family of obligately anaerobic photoautotrophic bacteria. Together with the non-photosynthetic Ignavibacteriaceae, they form the phylum Chlorobi. Most closely related to the distant Bacteroidetes, they are accordingly assigned their own phylum.^[1]

Green sulfur bacteria are nonmotile (except Chloroherpeton thalassium, which may glide).^[1] Photosynthesis is achieved using a Type 1 Reaction Centre using bacteriochlorophyll (BChl) a and in chlorosomes which employ BChl c, d, or e; in addition chlorophyll a is also present.^[2]^[1] They use sulfide ions, hydrogen or ferrous iron as an electron donor and the process is mediated by the type I reaction centre and Fenna-Matthews-Olson complex. Elemental sulfur deposited outside the cell may be further oxidized. By contrast, the photosynthesis in plants uses water as the electron donor and produces oxygen.^[1]

Chlorobium tepidum has emerged as a model organism for the group; although only 10 genomes have been sequenced, these are quite comprehensive of the family's biodiversity. Their 2-3 Mb genomes encode 1750-2800 genes, 1400-1500 of which are common to all strains. The apparent absence of two-component histidine-kinases and response regulators suggest limited phenotypic plasticity. Their small dependence on organic molecule transporters and transcription factors also indicate these organisms are adapted to a narrow range of energy-limited conditions, an ecology shared with the simpler cyanobacteria, Prochlorococcus and Synechococcus.^[1]

A species of green sulfur bacteria has been found living near a black smoker off the coast of Mexico at a depth of 2,500 m in the Pacific Ocean. At this depth, the bacterium, designated GSB1, lives off the dim glow of the thermal vent since no sunlight can penetrate to that depth.^[3]

Green sulfur bacteria appear in Lake Matano, Indonesia, at a depth of about 110–120 m. The population may include the species Chlorobium ferrooxidans.^[4]

Phylogeny

The currently accepted phylogeny is based on 16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 by The All-Species Living Tree Project.^[5]

Ignavibacteriaceae

	Ignavibacterium Iino et al. 2010 emend. Podosokorskaya et al. 2013

	Melioribacter Podosokorskaya et al. 2013

Chlorobiaceae

Chloroherpeton thalassium Gibson et al. 1985

Prosthecochloris

	P. aestuarii Gorlenko 1970 emend. Imhoff 2003 (type sp.)

	P. vibrioformis (Pelsh 1936) Imhoff 2003

Chlorobium chlorovibrioides ♦ (Gorlenko et al. 1974) Imhoff 2003

Chlorobaculum

	C. tepidum (Wahlund et al. 1996) Imhoff 2003 (type sp.)

	C. thiosulfatiphilum Imhoff 2003

Chlorobium

C. luteolum (Schmidle 1901) emend. Imhoff 2003

C. phaeovibrioides Pfennig 1968 emend. Imhoff 2003

C. limicola Nadson 1906 emend. Imhoff 2003 (type sp.)

	C. clathratiforme (Szafer 1911) emend. Imhoff 2003

	C. phaeobacteroides Pfennig 1968 emend. Imhoff 2003

Taxonomy

The currently accepted taxonomy is based on the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)^[6]^[7]

Phylum Chlorobi Iino et al. 2010
Class Ignavibacteria Iino et al. 2010
- Order Ignavibacteriales Iino et al. 2010
  - Family Ignavibacteriaceae Iino et al. 2010
    - Genus Ignavibacterium Iino et al. 2010 emend. Podosokorskaya et al. 2013
      - Species Ignavibacterium album Iino et al. 2010 emend. Podosokorskaya et al. 2013
    - Genus Melioribacter roseus Podosokorskaya et al. 2013 ["Melioribacter" Podosokorskaya et al. 2011]
      - Species Melioribacter roseus Podosokorskaya et al. 2011 ["Melioribacter roseus" Podosokorskaya et al. 2011]
Class Chlorobea Cavalier-Smith 2002
- Order Chlorobiales Gibbons and Murray 1978
  - Family Chlorobiaceae Copeland 1956
    - Genus Ancalochloris Gorlenko and Lebedeva 1971
      - Species Ancalochloris perfilievii ♪ Gorlenko and Lebedeva 1971
    - Genus Chlorobaculum Imhoff 2003
      - Species "C. macestae" ♠ Keppen et al. 2008
      - Species C. limnaeum Imhoff 2003
      - Species C. parvum Imhoff 2003
      - Species C. tepidum (Wahlund et al. 1996) Imhoff 2003 (type sp.) ["Chlorobium tepidum" Wahlund et al. 1991; Chlorobium tepidum Wahlund et al. 1996]
      - Species C. thiosulfatiphilum Imhoff 2003 ["Chlorobium limicola f. sp. thiosulfatophilum" (Larsen 1952) Pfennig & Truper 1971]
    - Genus Chlorobium Nadson 1906 emend. Imhoff 2003
      - Species Chlorobium chlorovibrioides ♦ (Gorlenko et al. 1974) Imhoff 2003
      - Species C. bathyomarinum ♠ Beatty et al. 2005
      - Species C. chlorochromatii ♠ Vogl et al. 2006 (epibiont of the phototrophic consortium Chlorochromatium aggregatum) ["Chlorobium chlorochromatii" Meschner 1957]
      - Species C. gokarna ♠ Anil Kumar 2005
      - Species C. clathratiforme (Szafer 1911) emend. Imhoff 2003 ["Aphanothece clathratiformis" Szafer 1911; "Pelodictyon lauterbornii" Geitler 1925; Pelodictyon clathratiforme (Szafer 1911) Lauterborn 1913]
      - Species C. ferrooxidans Heising et al. 1998 emend. Imhoff 2003
      - Species C. luteolum (Schmidle 1901) emend. Imhoff 2003 ["Aphanothece luteola" Schmidle 1901; "Pelodictyon aggregatum" Perfil'ev 1914; "Schmidlea luteola" (Schmidle 1901) Lauterborn 1913; Pelodictyon luteolum (Schmidle 1901) Pfennig and Truper 1971]
      - Species C. limicola Nadson 1906 emend. Imhoff 2003 (type sp.)
      - Species C. phaeobacteroides Pfennig 1968 emend. Imhoff 2003
      - Species C. phaeovibrioides Pfennig 1968 emend. Imhoff 2003
    - Genus Chloroherpeton Gibson et al. 1985
      - Species Chloroherpeton thalassium Gibson et al. 1985
    - Genus Clathrochloris Witt et al. 1989
      - Species "Clathrochloris sulfurica" ♠ Witt et al. 1989
    - Genus Pelodictyon Lauterborn 1913
      - Species Pelodictyon phaeum Gorlenko 1972
    - Genus Prosthecochloris Gorlenko 1970 emend. Imhoff 2003
      - Species "P. phaeoasteroides" ♠ Puchkova & Gorlenko 1976
      - Species "P. indica" ♠ Anil Kumar 2005
      - Species P. aestuarii Gorlenko 1970 emend. Imhoff 2003 (type sp.)
      - Species P. vibrioformis (Pelsh 1936) Imhoff 2003 [Chlorobium vibrioforme Pelsh 1936]

Notes:
♪ Prokaryotes where no pure (axenic) cultures are isolated or available, i. e. not cultivated or can not be sustained in culture for more than a few serial passages
♦ Type strain lost or not available
♠ Strains found at the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) but not listed in the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature (LSPN)

References

^ ^a ^b ^c ^d ^e Bryant DA; Frigaard DU (November 2006). "Prokaryotic photosynthesis and hototrophy illuminated". Trends Microbiol. 14 (11): 488–96. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2006.09.001. PMID 16997562.
^ Green, Beverley R. (2003). Light-Harvesting Antennas in Photosynthesis. p. 8. ISBN 0792363353.
^ Beatty JT, Overmann J, Lince MT, Manske AK, Lang AS, Blankenship RE, Van Dover CL, Martinson TA, Plumley FG (2005). "An obligately photosynthetic bacterial anaerobe from a deep-sea hydrothermal vent". Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 102 (26): 9306–10. doi:10.1073/pnas.0503674102. PMC 1166624. PMID 15967984.
^ Crowe, S. A.; Jones, C; Katsev, S; Magen, C; O'Neill, A. H.; Sturm, A; Canfield, D. E.; Haffner, G. D.; Mucci, A; Sundby, B; Fowle, D. A. (2008). "Photoferrotrophs thrive in an Archean Ocean analogue". Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences (published 2008-10-14). 105 (41): 15938–43. doi:10.1073/pnas.0805313105. ISSN 0148-0227. PMC 2572968. PMID 18838679.
^ See the All-Species Living Tree Project [1]. Data extracted from the "16S rRNA-based LTP release 123 (full tree)" (PDF). Silva Comprehensive Ribosomal RNA Database. Retrieved 2016-03-20.
^ See the List of Prokaryotic names with Standing in Nomenclature. Data extracted from J.P. Euzéby. "Chlorobi". Retrieved 2016-03-20.
^ See the NCBI webpage on Chlorobi Data extracted from Sayers; et al. "NCBI Taxonomy Browser". National Center for Biotechnology Information. Retrieved 2016-03-20.

External links

"The Family Chlorobiaceae". The Prokaryotes. Retrieved July 5, 2005.

English Journal

Effects on activated sludge bacterial community exposed to sulfamethoxazole.

Collado N, Buttiglieri G, Marti E, Ferrando-Climent L, Rodriguez-Mozaz S, Barceló D, Comas J, Rodriguez-Roda I.SourceLEQUIA, Institute of the Environment, University of Girona, Campus Montilivi, E-17071 Girona, Catalonia, Spain.
Chemosphere.Chemosphere.2013 Sep;93(1):99-106. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2013.04.094. Epub 2013 May 29.
The bacterial community shift on a lab scale Sequencing Batch Reactor (SBR) fed with synthetic wastewater and exposed to 50μgL(-1) of sulfamethoxazole (SFX) for 2months was investigated in this study. The impact on biological nutrient removal performance and SFX removal efficiencies were also studi
PMID 23726012

Evolution of photosystem I and the control of global enthalpy in an oxidizing world.

Nelson N.SourceDepartment of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, The George S. Wise Faculty of Life Sciences, Tel Aviv University, 69978, Tel Aviv, Israel, nelson@post.tau.ac.il.
Photosynthesis research.Photosynth Res.2013 Aug 18. [Epub ahead of print]
Life on earth is governed by light, chemical reactions, and the second law of thermodynamics, which defines the tendency for increasing entropy as an expression of disorder or randomness. Life is an expression of increasing order, and a constant influx of energy and loss of entropic wastes are requi
PMID 23954951

Redox mediator enhanced simultaneous decolorization of azo dye and bioelectricity generation in air-cathode microbial fuel cell.

Sun J, Li W, Li Y, Hu Y, Zhang Y.SourceState Key Lab of Pulp and Paper Engineering, College of Light Industry and Food Science, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510640, China. sunjian472@163.com
Bioresource technology.Bioresour Technol.2013 Aug;142:407-14. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.05.039. Epub 2013 May 24.
Enhanced simultaneous decolorization of Congo red and bioelectricity generation with anthraquinone-2,6-disulphonic disodium salt (AQDS), riboflavin (RF) and humic acid (HA) as mediators in air-cathode microbial fuel cell (MFC) was demonstrated. Compared with mediator-free MFC, the MFC with added 0.0
PMID 23748088

Japanese Journal

Metagenomic Analysis of the Rhizosphere Soil Microbiome with Respect to Phytic Acid Utilization

Microbes and environments 28(1), 120-127, 2013-03-01
NAID 10031138552

Molecular analyses reveal stability of bacterial communities in bulk soil of a Japanese paddy field : Estimation by denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis of 16S rRNA genes amplified from DNA accompanied with RNA(Soil Biology)

Soil science and plant nutrition 53(4), 448-458, 2007-08
NAID 110006532407

Phylogenetic Analysis of the Gut Bacterial Microflora of the Fungus-Growing Termite Odontotermes formosanus

Bioscience, biotechnology, and biochemistry 71(4), 906-915, 2007-04-23
NAID 10027513371

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「緑色硫黄細菌門」「green sulfur bacteria」
拡張検索	「Chlorobium」「Chlorobium属」

「緑色硫黄細菌門」

Green sulfur bacteria
	Green sulfur bacteria in a Winogradsky column
Scientific classification
Domain:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Chlorobi; Iino et al. 2010
Genus
	Class Ignavibacteria Order Ignavibacteriales Family Ignavibacteriaceae Ignavibacterium; Melioribacter ♠; ; ; ; Class Chlorobea Order Chlorobiales Family Chlorobiaceae Ancalochloris; Chlorobaculum; Chlorobium; Chloroherpeton; Clathrochloris; Pelodictyon; Prosthecochloris; ; ; ;