CD178

関

Fas ligand (CD178)

同

Fas ligand, CD95L, Tumor necrosis factor super family-6

関

Fas ligand (CD178)

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/06/12 17:41:40」(JST)

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FASLG
Available structures PDB Ortholog search: PDBe RCSB List of PDB id codes 4MSV
Identifiers
Aliases	FASLG, ALPS1B, APT1LG1, APTL, CD178, CD95-L, CD95L, FASL, TNFSF6, TNLG1A, Fas ligand
External IDs	OMIM: 134638 MGI: 99255 HomoloGene: 533 GeneCards: 356
Gene ontology Molecular function • death receptor binding • cytokine activity • protein binding • tumor necrosis factor receptor binding • receptor binding Cellular component • integral component of membrane • membrane • cytoplasmic membrane-bounded vesicle lumen • plasma membrane • integral component of plasma membrane • cytoplasmic, membrane-bounded vesicle • extracellular space • extracellular region • cell surface • lysosomal lumen • caveola • perinuclear region of cytoplasm • membrane raft • lysosome • extracellular exosome • cytoplasmic vesicle • cell nucleus • external side of plasma membrane Biological process • T cell apoptotic process • negative regulation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process • regulation of transcription, DNA-templated • extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway • programmed cell death • activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic signaling pathway • cell-cell signaling • endosomal lumen acidification • negative regulation of transcription from RNA polymerase II promoter • retinal cell programmed cell death • transcription, DNA-templated • regulation of necrotic cell death • cell surface receptor signaling pathway • response to lipopolysaccharide • positive regulation of neuron apoptotic process • positive regulation of endothelial cell apoptotic process • necroptotic signaling pathway • immune response • positive regulation of cell proliferation • positive regulation of apoptotic process • positive regulation of I-kappaB kinase/NF-kappaB signaling • negative regulation of angiogenesis • apoptotic signaling pathway • regulation of extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors • cellular chloride ion homeostasis • necroptotic process • response to growth factor • programmed necrotic cell death • activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process • inflammatory cell apoptotic process • positive regulation of epidermal growth factor receptor signaling pathway • extrinsic apoptotic signaling pathway via death domain receptors • signal transduction • apoptotic process Sources:Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
More reference expression data
Orthologs
Species	Human	Mouse
Entrez	356	14103
Ensembl	ENSG00000117560	ENSMUSG00000000817
UniProt	P48023	P41047
RefSeq (mRNA)	NM_001302746 NM_000639	NM_001205243 NM_010177
RefSeq (protein)	NP_000630.1 NP_001289675.1	NP_034307.1
Location (UCSC)	Chr 1: 172.66 – 172.67 Mb	Chr 1: 161.78 – 161.79 Mb
PubMed search	[1]	[2]
Wikidata
View/Edit Human		View/Edit Mouse

Fas ligand (FasL or CD95L) is a type-II transmembrane protein that belongs to the tumor necrosis factor (TNF) family. Its binding with its receptor induces apoptosis. Fas ligand/receptor interactions play an important role in the regulation of the immune system and the progression of cancer.

Structure

Fas ligand or FasL is a homotrimeric type II transmembrane protein expressed on cytotoxic T lymphocytes. It signals through trimerization of FasR, which spans the membrane of the "target" cell. This trimerization usually leads to apoptosis, or cell death.

Soluble Fas ligand is generated by cleaving membrane-bound FasL at a conserved cleavage site by the external matrix metalloproteinase MMP-7.

Receptors

• FasR: The Fas receptor (FasR), or CD95, is the most intensely studied member of the death receptor family. The gene is situated on chromosome 10 in humans and 19 in mice. Previous reports have identified as many as eight splice variants, which are translated into seven isoforms of the protein. Many of these isoforms are rare haplotypes that are usually associated with a state of disease. Apoptosis-inducing Fas receptor is dubbed isoform 1 and is a type 1 transmembrane protein. It consists of three cysteine-rich pseudorepeats, a transmembrane domain, and an intracellular death domain.
• DcR3: Decoy receptor 3 (DcR3) is a recently discovered decoy receptor of the tumor necrosis factor superfamily that binds to FasL, LIGHT, and TL1A. DcR3 is a soluble receptor that has no signal transduction capabilities (hence a "decoy") and functions to prevent FasR-FasL interactions by competitively binding to membrane-bound Fas ligand and rendering them inactive.

Cell signalling

Fas forms the death-inducing signaling complex (DISC) upon ligand binding. Membrane-anchored Fas ligand trimer on the surface of an adjacent cell causes trimerization of Fas receptor. This event is also mimicked by binding of an agonistic Fas antibody, though some evidence suggests that the apoptotic signal induced by the antibody is unreliable in the study of Fas signaling. To this end, several clever ways of trimerizing the antibody for in vitro research have been employed.

Upon ensuing death domain (DD) aggregation, the receptor complex is internalized via the cellular endosomal machinery. This allows the adaptor molecule Fas-associated death domain (FADD) to bind the death domain of Fas through its own death domain. FADD also contains a death effector domain (DED) near its amino terminus, which facilitates binding to the DED of FADD-like ICE (FLICE), more commonly referred to as caspase-8. FLICE can then self-activate through proteolytic cleavage into p10 and p18 subunits, of which two form the active heterotetramer enzyme. Active caspase-8 is then released from the DISC into the cytosol, where it cleaves other effector caspases, eventually leading to DNA degradation, membrane blebbing, and other hallmarks of apoptosis.

Signaling pathways of Fas. Dashed grey lines represent multiple steps in JNK signaling

Some reports have suggested that the extrinsic Fas pathway is sufficient to induce complete apoptosis in certain cell types through DISC assembly and subsequent caspase-8 activation. These cells are dubbed Type 1 cells and are characterized by the inability of anti-apoptotic members of the Bcl-2 family (namely Bcl-2 and Bcl-xL) to protect from Fas-mediated apoptosis. Characterized Type 1 cells include H9, CH1, SKW6.4, and SW480, all of which are lymphocyte lineages except the latter, which is of the colon adenocarcinoma lineage.

Evidence for crosstalk between the extrinsic and intrinsic pathways exists in the Fas signal cascade. In most cell types, caspase-8 catalyzes the cleavage of the pro-apoptotic BH3-only protein Bid into its truncated form, tBid. BH-3 only members of the Bcl-2 family engage exclusively anti-apoptotic members of the family (Bcl-2, Bcl-xL), allowing Bak and Bax to translocate to the outer mitochondrial membrane, thus permeabilizing it and facilitating release of pro-apoptotic proteins such as cytochrome c and Smac/DIABLO, an antagonist of inhibitors of apoptosis proteins (IAPs).

Soluble FasL is less active than its membrane-bound counterpart and does not induce receptor trimerization and DISC formation.

Functions

Overview of signal transduction pathways involved in apoptosis

Apoptosis triggered by Fas-Fas ligand binding plays a fundamental role in the regulation of the immune system. Its functions include:

• T-cell homeostasis: the activation of T-cells leads to their expression of the Fas ligand

. T cells are initially resistant to Fas-mediated apoptosis during clonal expansion, but become progressively more sensitive the longer they are activated, ultimately resulting in activation-induced cell death (AICD). This process is needed to prevent an excessive immune response and eliminate autoreactive T-cells. Humans and mice with deleterious mutations of Fas or Fas ligand develop an accumulation of aberrant T-cells, leading to lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and lupus erythematosus.

• Cytotoxic T-cell activity: Fas-induced apoptosis and the perforin pathway are the two main mechanisms by which cytotoxic T lymphocytes induce cell death in cells expressing foreign antigens.
• Immune privilege: Cells in immune privileged areas such as the cornea or testes express Fas ligand and induce the apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes. It is one of many mechanisms the body employs in the establishment and maintenance of immune privilege.
• Maternal tolerance: Fas ligand may be instrumental in the prevention of leukocyte trafficking between the mother and the fetus, although no pregnancy defects have yet been attributed to a faulty Fas-Fas ligand system.
• Tumor counterattack: Tumors may over-express Fas ligand and induce the apoptosis of infiltrating lymphocytes, allowing the tumor to escape the effects of an immune response. The up-regulation of Fas ligand often occurs following chemotherapy, from which the tumor cells have attained apoptosis resistance.

Role in disease

Defective Fas-mediated apoptosis may lead to oncogenesis as well as drug resistance in existing tumors. Germline mutation of Fas is associated with autoimmune lymphoproliferative syndrome (ALPS), a childhood disorder of apoptosis.

Interactions

Fas ligand has been shown to interact with:

• CASP8,
• EZR,
• FADD,
• FNBP1,
• FYN,
• FAS,
• Grb2,
• PACSIN2, and
• TNFRSF6B.

See also

• FAF1

References

Further reading

• Choi C, Benveniste EN (January 2004). "Fas ligand/Fas system in the brain: regulator of immune and apoptotic responses". Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 44 (1): 65–81. doi:10.1016/j.brainresrev.2003.08.007. PMID 14739003. 
• Tolstrup M, Ostergaard L, Laursen AL, Pedersen SF, Duch M (2004). "HIV/SIV escape from immune surveillance: focus on Nef". Curr. HIV Res. 2 (2): 141–51. doi:10.2174/1570162043484924. PMID 15078178. 

External links

• GeneReviews/NCBI/NIH/UW entry on Autoimmune Lymphoproliferative Syndrome
• Online 'Mendelian Inheritance in Man' (OMIM) 601859
• Fas Ligand Protein at the US National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)

English Journal

• Genetic Polymorphisms in FAS (CD95) and FAS Ligand (CD178) Promoters and Risk of Tobacco-Related Oral Carcinoma: Gene-Gene Interactions in High-Risk Indians.

• Karimi MY, Kapoor V, Sharma SC, Das SN.SourceDepartment of Biotechnology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Ansari Nagar , New Delhi , India,1.
• Cancer investigation.Cancer Invest.2012 Nov 15. [Epub ahead of print]
• We assessed the association of functional single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP) in FAS -1377, -670 and FAS ligand (FASL) -844 promoters in 139 oral cancer patients and 126 normal subjects by PCR-RFLP. In logistic regression analysis FAS -1377 GA genotype appeared to marginally increase the risk whil
• PMID 23153021

• CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)IFNγ(+)CD178(+) human induced Treg (iTreg) contribute to suppression of alloresponses by apoptosis of responder cells.

• Daniel V, Sadeghi M, Wang H, Opelz G.SourceDepartment of Transplantation-Immunology, Institute of Immunology, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 305, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. Electronic address: Volker.Daniel@med.uni-heidelberg.de.
• Human immunology.Hum Immunol.2012 Sep 24. pii: S0198-8859(12)00561-7. doi: 10.1016/j.humimm.2012.09.010. [Epub ahead of print]
• Induced Treg with the phenotype CD4(+)CD25(+)Foxp3(+)IFNγ(+) were shown to be associated with good long-term graft outcome in renal transplant recipients and inhibition of allogeneic T-cell responses in vitro. In the present study, we investigated whether apoptosis and Fas/FasL-dependent pathways c
• PMID 23017670

• Evaluation of apoptosis-related gene Fas (CD95) and FasL (CD178) polymorphisms in Iranian rheumatoid arthritis patients.

• Mohammadzadeh A, Pourfathollah AA, Tahoori MT, Daneshmandi S, Langroudi L, Akhlaghi M.SourceImmunology Department, Faculty of Medical Sciences, Tarbiat Modares University, PO Box: 14155-111 Tehran, Iran.
• Rheumatology international.Rheumatol Int.2012 Sep;32(9):2833-6. doi: 10.1007/s00296-011-2065-x. Epub 2011 Aug 31.
• Apoptosis signals are essential for establishing homeostasis and adequate immune response. Dysregulation of apoptosis-related genes in the immune system, which could be due to gene polymorphisms, conduct to autoimmune diseases including rheumatoid arthritis. In the current study, the apoptosis-relat
• PMID 21879377

Japanese Journal

• Characterization of NKT-cell Hybridomas Expressing Invariant T-cell Antigen Receptors

• Nyambayar Dashtsoodol,Iwabuchi Kazuya,Hedlund Emma,Murakawa Satoko,Shirai Keiko,Iwabuchi Chikako,Kon Yujiroh,Miyazaki Yusei,Yanagawa Yoshiki,Onoé Kazunori
• Journal of Clinical and Experimental Hematopathology 47(1), 1-8, 2007
• … The expression levels of CD69, CD154, and CD178 were concomitantly up-regulated on both hybridomas upon stimulation. …
• NAID 130000065628

Related Links

• Anti-Fas Ligand (CD178) (Human) mAb 抗体 MBL ...

MBLはタグ、オートファジー、MHCテトラマー、 RNA結合タンパク質、アポトーシス、蛍光タンパクなどの多岐分野において、基礎研究用試薬、抗体の研究・開発・製造・販売を行っており ま す。抗体作製受託サービスは長年にわたる抗体 ...

• Anti-CD178 | 抗CD178抗体 | CD178 antibody | フナコシ

世界最大級の抗体製品数を取り扱うNovus Biologicals社のCD178に対する抗体(anti-CD178 | antibody CD178)です。Novus Biologicals社の抗体は数多くの学術論文で使用実績があります。※本製品は研究目的にのみ販売しております。

Related Pictures

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「Fas ligand」
関連記事	「CD1」

「Fas ligand」

　　[★]

同

CD178

同

CD178

「CD1」

　　[★]

同

leucine-6, CD1A through E

種類

• CD1a, CD1b, CD1c, CD1d

発現組織

• 胸腺皮質、ランゲルハンス細胞、樹状細胞、B細胞(CD1c)、腸上皮、平滑筋、血管上皮(CD1d)

分子量

• 43-49

機能

• MHC class I-like molecule, associated with β2-microgloulin. Has specialized role in presentation of lipid antigens