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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/09/07 18:32:31」(JST)

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Bromodeoxyuridine (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine, BrdU, BUdR, BrdUrd) is a synthetic nucleoside that is an analog of thymidine. BrdU is commonly used in the detection of proliferating cells in living tissues.^[1] 5-Bromodeoxycytidine is deaminated to form BrdU.^[2]

BrdU can be incorporated into the newly synthesized DNA of replicating cells (during the S phase of the cell cycle during which DNA is replicated), substituting for thymidine during DNA replication. Antibodies specific for BrdU can then be used to detect the incorporated chemical (see immunohistochemistry), thus indicating cells that were actively replicating their DNA. Binding of the antibody requires denaturation of the DNA, usually by exposing the cells to acid or heat.^[3]

BrdU can be passed to daughter cells upon replication.^[4] BrdU has been demonstrated to be detectable over two years post-infusion.^[5]

Because BrdU can replace thymidine during DNA replication, it can cause mutations, and its use is therefore potentially a health hazard.^[3] However, because it is neither radioactive nor myelotoxic at labeling concentrations, it is widely preferred for in vivo studies of cancer cell proliferation.^[6]^[7] However, at radiosensitizing concentrations, BrdU becomes myelosuppressive, thus limiting its use for radiosensitizing.^[2]

BrdU differs from thymidine in that BrdU substitutes a bromine atom for thymidine's CH₃ group. The Br substitution can be used in X-ray diffraction experiments in crystals containing either DNA or RNA. The Br atom acts as an anomalous scatterer and its larger size will affect the crystal's X-ray diffraction enough to detect isomorphous differences as well.^[8]^[9]

Bromodeoxyuridine releases gene silencing^{[clarification needed]} caused by DNA methylation.^[10]

BrdU can also be used to identify microorganisms that respond to specific carbon substrates in aquatic^[11] and soil ^[12] environments. A carbon substrate added to incubations of environmental samples will cause the growth of microorganisms that can utilize that substrate. These microorganisms will then incorporate BrdU into their DNA as they grow. Community DNA can then be isolated and BrdU-labeled DNA purified using an immunocapture technique.^[13] Subsequent sequencing of the labeled DNA can then be used to identify the microbial taxa that participated in the degradation of the added carbon source.

However, it is not certain whether all microbes present in an environmental sample can incorporate BrdU into their biomass during de novo DNA synthesis. Therefore, a group of microorganisms may respond to a C source but go undetected using this technique. Additionally, this technique is biased towards identifying microorganisms with A- and T-rich genomes.

References

^ Lehner, Bernadette; Sandner, Beatrice; Marschallinger, Julia; Lehner, Christine; Furtner, Tanja; Couillard-Despres, Sebastien; Rivera, Francisco J.; Brockhoff, Gero; Bauer, Hans-Christian; Weidner, Norbert; Aigner, Ludwig (2011). "The dark side of BrdU in neural stem cell biology: Detrimental effects on cell cycle, differentiation and survival". Cell and Tissue Research. 345 (3): 313–28. doi:10.1007/s00441-011-1213-7. PMID 21837406.
^ ^a ^b Russo A, Gianni L, Kinsella TJ, Klecker RW, Jenkins J, Rowland J, Glatstein E, Mitchell JB, Collins J, Myers C (1984). "Pharmacological evaluation of intravenous delivery of 5-bromodeoxyuridine to patients with brain tumors". Cancer Res. 44 (4): 1702–5. PMID 6704976.
^ ^a ^b Konishi, Teruaki; Takeyasu, Akihiro; Natsume, Toshiyuki; Furusawa, Yoshiya; Hieda, Kotaro (2011). "Visualization of Heavy Ion Tracks by Labeling 3'-OH Termini of Induced DNA Strand Breaks". Journal of Radiation Research. 52 (4): 433–40. doi:10.1269/jrr.10097. PMID 21785232.
^ Kee, N; S Sivalingam; R Boonstra; J.M Wojtowicz (March 2002). "The utility of Ki-67 and BrdU as proliferative markers of adult neurogenesis". Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 115 (1): 97–105. doi:10.1016/S0165-0270(02)00007-9. PMID 11897369.
^ Eriksson, Peter; Ekaterina Perfilieva; Thomas Björk-Eriksson; Ann-Marie Alborn; Claes Nordborg; Daniel A. Peterson; Fred H. Gage (1998). "Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus". Nature Medicine. 1313-1317. 4 (11): 1313–1317. doi:10.1038/3305. PMID 9809557.
^ Fujimaki, Takamitsu; Masao Matsutani; Osamu Nakamura; Akio Asai; Nobuaki Funada; Morio Koike; Hiromu Segawa; Kouichi Aritake; Takanori Fukushima; Shuntaro Houjo; Akira Tamura; Keiji Sano (29 June 2006). "Correlation Between Bromodeoxyuridine- Labeling Indices and Patient Prognosis in Cerebral Astrocytic Tumors of Adults". Cancer. 67 (6): 1629–1634. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19910315)67:6<1629::AID-CNCR2820670626>3.0.CO;2-E. PMID 2001552.
^ Hoshino, Takao; Tadashi Nagashima; Judith Murovic; Ellen M. Levin; Victor A. Levin; Stephen M. Rupp (1985). "Cell Kinetic Studies of In Situ Human Brain Tumors With Bromodeoxyuridine". Cytometry. 6 (6): 627–632. doi:10.1002/cyto.990060619. PMID 2998714.
^ Peterson, M. R.; Harrop, S. J.; McSweeney, S. M.; Leonard, G. A.; Thompson, A. W.; Hunter, W. N.; Helliwell, J. R. (1996). "MAD Phasing Strategies Explored with a Brominated Oligonucleotide Crystal at 1.65Å Resolution". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 3 (Pt 1): 24–34. doi:10.1107/S0909049595013288. PMID 16702655.
^ Beck, Tobias; Gruene, Tim; Sheldrick, George M. (2010). "The magic triangle goes MAD: Experimental phasing with a bromine derivative". Acta Crystallographica Section D. 66 (4): 374–80. doi:10.1107/S0907444909051609. PMC 2852301. PMID 20382990.
^ Weiss RA (2013). "On the concept and elucidation of endogenous retroviruses". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 368 (1626): 20120494. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0494. PMC 3758183. PMID 23938748.
^ Tada, Yuya; Grossart, Hans-Peter (2013). "Community shifts of actively growing lake bacteria after N-acetyl-glucosamine addition: improving the BrdU-FACS method". The ISME Journal. 8 (2): 441–454. doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.148. ISSN 1751-7362.
^ Borneman J (1999). "Culture-independent identification of microorganisms that respond to specified stimuli". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 (8): 3398–400. PMC 91510. PMID 10427025.
^ Urbach, Ena; Kevin L. Vergin; Stephen J. Giovannoni (March 1999). "Immunochemical Detection and Isolation of DNA from Metabolically Active Bacteria". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. pp. 1207–1213.

External links

BrdU at OpenWetWare
BrdU Modifications at IDT DNA

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1. 造血および幹細胞の機能の概要 overview of hematopoiesis and stem cell function

English Journal

Differentiation of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells into germ-like cells in mouse seminiferous tubules.

Chen H1, Tang QL2, Wu XY2, Xie LC2, Lin LM2, Ho GY3, Ma L4.
Molecular medicine reports.Mol Med Rep.2015 Jul;12(1):819-28. doi: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3528. Epub 2015 Mar 23.
Our previous study demonstrated that human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) were capable of differentiation into germ cells in vitro. To assess this potential in vivo, HUMSCs were microinjected into the lumen of seminiferous tubules of immunocompetent mice, which were treated with bu
PMID 25815600

The effects of acute and chronic administration of phosphatidylserine on cell proliferation and survival in the dentate gyrus of adult and middle-aged rats.

Maragno H1, Rodella P2, Silva Freitas Jd3, Fernando Takase L4.
Brain research.Brain Res.2015 Jun 3;1609:72-81. doi: 10.1016/j.brainres.2015.03.017. Epub 2015 Mar 17.
Phosphatidylserine (PS) is an acidic phospholipid that is widely used as an alternative and/or complementary treatment of cognitive impairments. We hypothesize that these changes may be attributable, at least in part, to alterations in hippocampal neurogenesis. The aim of the present study was to in
PMID 25795377

Alterations of proliferation and differentiation of hippocampal cells in prenatally stressed rats.

Sun H1, Su Q2, Zhang H3, Liu W2, Zhang H2, Ding D2, Zhu Z4, Li H5.
Brain & development.Brain Dev.2015 Jun;37(6):563-71. doi: 10.1016/j.braindev.2014.09.007. Epub 2014 Oct 7.
PURPOSE: To clarify the alterations of proliferation and differentiation of hippocampal cells in prenatally stressed rats.METHODS: We investigated the impact of prenatal restraint stress on the hipocampal cell proliferation in the progeny with 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU), which is a marker of pro
PMID 25304916

Japanese Journal

The effect of Ndrg2 expression on astroglial activation

Takeichi Toshiaki,Takarada-Iemata Mika,Hashida Koji,Sudo Hirofumi,Okuda Tomohiko,Kokame Koichi,Hatano Taku,Takanashi Masashi,Funabe Sayaka,Hattori Nobutaka,Kitamura Osamu,Kitao Yasuko,Hori Osamu
Neurochemistry International 59(1), 21-27, 2011-08
… In cultured astrocytes, gene silencing of Ndrg2 significantly enhanced the numbers of 5-bromo-2′-deoxy-uridine (BrdU)-incorporated and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells, and reduced the length of cell processes and the amount of F-actin. … In contrast, adenovirus-mediated overexpression of Ndrg2 significantly reduced the numbers of BrdU-incorporated and PCNA-positive cells, and enhanced the amount of F-actin. …
NAID 120003221535

Creating localized DNA double-strand breaks with microirradiation.

Suzuki Keiji,Yamauchi Motohiro,Oka Yasuyoshi,Suzuki Masatoshi,Yamashita Shunichi
Nature Protocols 6(2), 134-139, 2011-02
… This protocol is based on the combination of 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling and ultraviolet C (UVC) irradiation through porous membranes. … Cells are labeled with 10 μM BrdU for 48-72 h, washed with Ca(2+)- and Mg(2+)-free PBS(-), covered by polycarbonate membranes with micropores and exposed to UVC light. …
NAID 120003307723

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★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「ブロモデオキシウリジン」「broxuridine」「bromodeoxyuridine」
関連記事	「Br」

「ブロモデオキシウリジン」

Bromodeoxyuridine
Identifiers
CAS Number	59-14-3
ChEMBL	ChEMBL222280
ChemSpider	5294121 ; 5813
Jmol 3D model	Interactive image
MeSH	Bromodeoxyuridine
PubChem	6035
UNII	G34N38R2N1
	InChI InChI=1S/C9H11BrN2O5/c10-4-2-12(9(16)11-8(4)15)7-1-5(14)6(3-13)17-7/h2,5-7,13-14H,1,3H2,(H,11,15,16)/t5-,6+,7+/m0/s1 Key: WOVKYSAHUYNSMH-RRKCRQDMSA-N ; InChI=1/C9H11BrN2O5/c10-4-2-12(9(16)11-8(4)15)7-1-5(14)6(3-13)17-7/h2,5-7,13-14H,1,3H2,(H,11,15,16)/t5-,6+,7+/m0/s1 Key: WOVKYSAHUYNSMH-RRKCRQDMBM ;
	SMILES c1c(c(=O)[nH]c(=O)n1[C@H]2C[C@@H]([C@H](O2)CO)O)Br ;
Properties
Chemical formula	C9H11BrN2O5
Molar mass	307.10 g·mol−1
	Except where otherwise noted, data are given for materials in their standard state (at 25 °C [77 °F], 100 kPa).
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	Infobox references

　　[★]

英: bromodeoxyuridine、BrdU
関: ブロクスウリジン

DNA前駆物質

「broxuridine」

　　[★]

ブロクスウリジン

関: BrdU、bromodeoxyuridine

「bromodeoxyuridine」

　　[★] ブロモデオキシウリジン BrdU

「Br」

　　[★] 臭素

関: Br2、bromine

[1] Lehner, Bernadette; Sandner, Beatrice; Marschallinger, Julia; Lehner, Christine; Furtner, Tanja; Couillard-Despres, Sebastien; Rivera, Francisco J.; Brockhoff, Gero; Bauer, Hans-Christian; Weidner, Norbert; Aigner, Ludwig (2011). "The dark side of BrdU in neural stem cell biology: Detrimental effects on cell cycle, differentiation and survival". Cell and Tissue Research. 345 (3): 313–28. doi:10.1007/s00441-011-1213-7. PMID 21837406.

[Cancer_Research-2] Russo A, Gianni L, Kinsella TJ, Klecker RW, Jenkins J, Rowland J, Glatstein E, Mitchell JB, Collins J, Myers C (1984). "Pharmacological evaluation of intravenous delivery of 5-bromodeoxyuridine to patients with brain tumors". Cancer Res. 44 (4): 1702–5. PMID 6704976.

[pmid21785232-3] Konishi, Teruaki; Takeyasu, Akihiro; Natsume, Toshiyuki; Furusawa, Yoshiya; Hieda, Kotaro (2011). "Visualization of Heavy Ion Tracks by Labeling 3'-OH Termini of Induced DNA Strand Breaks". Journal of Radiation Research. 52 (4): 433–40. doi:10.1269/jrr.10097. PMID 21785232.

[Ki-67_V._BrdU-4] Kee, N; S Sivalingam; R Boonstra; J.M Wojtowicz (March 2002). "The utility of Ki-67 and BrdU as proliferative markers of adult neurogenesis". Journal of Neuroscience Methods. 115 (1): 97–105. doi:10.1016/S0165-0270(02)00007-9. PMID 11897369.

[Nature_Neurogenesis-5] Eriksson, Peter; Ekaterina Perfilieva; Thomas Björk-Eriksson; Ann-Marie Alborn; Claes Nordborg; Daniel A. Peterson; Fred H. Gage (1998). "Neurogenesis in the adult human hippocampus". Nature Medicine. 1313-1317. 4 (11): 1313–1317. doi:10.1038/3305. PMID 9809557.

[Fujimaki_Cancer-6] Fujimaki, Takamitsu; Masao Matsutani; Osamu Nakamura; Akio Asai; Nobuaki Funada; Morio Koike; Hiromu Segawa; Kouichi Aritake; Takanori Fukushima; Shuntaro Houjo; Akira Tamura; Keiji Sano (29 June 2006). "Correlation Between Bromodeoxyuridine- Labeling Indices and Patient Prognosis in Cerebral Astrocytic Tumors of Adults". Cancer. 67 (6): 1629–1634. doi:10.1002/1097-0142(19910315)67:6<1629::AID-CNCR2820670626>3.0.CO;2-E. PMID 2001552.

[Cytometry_Myelotoxic-7] Hoshino, Takao; Tadashi Nagashima; Judith Murovic; Ellen M. Levin; Victor A. Levin; Stephen M. Rupp (1985). "Cell Kinetic Studies of In Situ Human Brain Tumors With Bromodeoxyuridine". Cytometry. 6 (6): 627–632. doi:10.1002/cyto.990060619. PMID 2998714.

[8] Peterson, M. R.; Harrop, S. J.; McSweeney, S. M.; Leonard, G. A.; Thompson, A. W.; Hunter, W. N.; Helliwell, J. R. (1996). "MAD Phasing Strategies Explored with a Brominated Oligonucleotide Crystal at 1.65Å Resolution". Journal of Synchrotron Radiation. 3 (Pt 1): 24–34. doi:10.1107/S0909049595013288. PMID 16702655.

[9] Beck, Tobias; Gruene, Tim; Sheldrick, George M. (2010). "The magic triangle goes MAD: Experimental phasing with a bromine derivative". Acta Crystallographica Section D. 66 (4): 374–80. doi:10.1107/S0907444909051609. PMC 2852301. PMID 20382990.

[10] Weiss RA (2013). "On the concept and elucidation of endogenous retroviruses". Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond., B, Biol. Sci. 368 (1626): 20120494. doi:10.1098/rstb.2012.0494. PMC 3758183. PMID 23938748.

[11] Tada, Yuya; Grossart, Hans-Peter (2013). "Community shifts of actively growing lake bacteria after N-acetyl-glucosamine addition: improving the BrdU-FACS method". The ISME Journal. 8 (2): 441–454. doi:10.1038/ismej.2013.148. ISSN 1751-7362.

[12] Borneman J (1999). "Culture-independent identification of microorganisms that respond to specified stimuli". Appl. Environ. Microbiol. 65 (8): 3398–400. PMC 91510. PMID 10427025.

[13] Urbach, Ena; Kevin L. Vergin; Stephen J. Giovannoni (March 1999). "Immunochemical Detection and Isolation of DNA from Metabolically Active Bacteria". Applied and Environmental Microbiology. pp. 1207–1213.

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BrdU