WordNet

(medicine) the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms and their multiplication which can lead to tissue damage and disease
(phonetics) the alteration of a speech sound under the influence of a neighboring sound
the pathological state resulting from the invasion of the body by pathogenic microorganisms
(international law) illegality that taints or contaminates a ship or cargo rendering it liable to seizure
moral corruption or contamination; "ambitious men are led astray by an infection that is almost unavoidable"
an incident in which an infectious disease is transmitted (同)contagion, transmission
type genus of Bacteroidaceae; genus of Gram-negative rodlike anaerobic bacteria producing no endospores and no pigment and living in the gut of man and animals (同)genus Bacteroides

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〈U〉(病気の)伝染;感染 / 〈C〉伝染病

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/05/21 07:18:45」(JST)

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Bacteroides is a genus of Gram-negative, obligately anaerobic bacteria. Bacteroides species are non-endospore-forming bacilli, and may be either motile or non-motile, depending on the species.^[1] The DNA base composition is 40-48% GC. Unusual in bacterial organisms, Bacteroides membranes contain sphingolipids. They also contain meso-diaminopimelic acid in their peptidoglycan layer.

Bacteroides are normally mutualistic, making up the most substantial portion of the mammalian gastrointestinal flora,^[2] where they play a fundamental role in processing of complex molecules to simpler ones in the host intestine.^[3]^[4]^[5] As many as 10¹⁰-10¹¹ cells per gram of human feces have been reported.^[6] They can use simple sugars when available; however, the main sources of energy for Bacteroides species in the gut are complex host-derived and plant glycans.^[7] Studies indicate that long-term diet is strongly associated with the gut microbiome composition - those who eat plenty of protein and animal fats have predominantly Bacteroides bacteria, while for those who consume more carbohydrates the Prevotella species dominate.^[8]

One of the most important clinically is Bacteroides fragilis.

Bacteroides melaninogenicus has recently been reclassified and split into Prevotella melaninogenica and Prevotella intermedia.^[9]

Pathogenesis

Bacteroides species also benefit their host by excluding potential pathogens from colonizing the gut. Some species (B. fragilis, for example) are opportunistic human pathogens, causing infections of the peritoneal cavity, gastrointestinal surgery, and appendicitis via abscess formation, inhibiting phagocytosis, and inactivating beta-lactam antibiotics.^[10] Although Bacteroides species are anaerobic, they are transiently aerotolerant^[11] and thus can survive in the abdominal cavity.

In general, Bacteroides are resistant to a wide variety of antibiotics — β-lactams, aminoglycosides, and recently many species have acquired resistance to erythromycin and tetracycline. This high level of antibiotic resistance has prompted concerns that Bacteroides species may become a reservoir for resistance in other, more highly pathogenic bacterial strains.^[12]^[13]

Microbiological applications

An alternative fecal indicator organism, Bacteroides, has been suggested because they make up a significant portion of the fecal bacterial population,^[1] have a high degree of host specificity that reflects differences in the digestive system of the host animal,^[14] and have a small potential to grow in the environment.^[15] Over the past decade, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) methods have been used to detect the presence of various microbial pathogens through the amplification of specific DNA sequences without culturing bacteria. One study has measured the amount of Bacteroides by using qPCR to quantify the host-specific 16S rRNA genetic marker.^[16] This technique allows quantification of genetic markers that are specific to the host of the bacteria and allow detection of recent contamination. A recent report found temperature plays a major role in the amount of time the bacteria will persist in the environment, the life span increases with colder temperatures (0-4°C).^[17]

Human

There are data suggesting that members of Bacteroides affects the lean or obese phenotype in humans.^[18] In this article, one human twin is obese while the other is lean. Their fecal microbiota is transplanted into germ-free mouse and, interestingly, the phenotype in mouse-model corresponds to that in human.

References

^ ^a ^b Madigan M, Martinko J, ed. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-131-44329-1.
^ Dorland WAN (editor) (2003). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (30th ed.). W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0-721-60146-4.
^ Wexler, H. M. (Oct 2007). "Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty" (FREE FULL TEXT). Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20 (4): 593–621. doi:10.1128/CMR.00008-07. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 2176045. PMID 17934076. edit
^ Xu, J. .; Gordon, I. . (Sep 2003). "Inaugural Article: Honor thy symbionts" (FREE FULL TEXT). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (18): 10452–10459. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10010452X. doi:10.1073/pnas.1734063100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 193582. PMID 12923294. edit
^ Xu, J.; Mahowald, A.; Ley, E.; Lozupone, A.; Hamady, M.; Martens, C.; Henrissat, B.; Coutinho, M.; Minx, P.; Latreille, P.; Cordum, H.; Van Brunt, A.; Kim, K.; Fulton, R. S.; Fulton, L. A.; Clifton, S. W.; Wilson, R. K.; Knight, R. D.; Gordon, J. I. (Jul 2007). "Evolution of symbiotic bacteria in the distal human intestine" (FREE FULL TEXT). PLoS Biology 5 (7): e156. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050156. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 1892571. PMID 17579514. edit
^ Finegold SM, Sutter VL, Mathisen GE (1983). Normal indigenous intestinal flora (pp. 3-31) in Human intestinal microflora in health and disease. Academic Press. ISBN 0-123-41280-3.
^ Martens EC, Chiang HC, Gordon JI (2008). "Mucosal Glycan Foraging Enhances Fitness and Transmission of a Saccharolytic Human Gut Bacterial Symbiont". Cell Host Microbe 13 (4): 447–57. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.09.007. PMC 2605320. PMID 18996345.
^ Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Sinha R, Gilroy E, Gupta K, Baldassano R, Nessel L, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD (October 7, 2011). "Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes". Science 334 (6052): 105–8. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..105W. doi:10.1126/science.1208344. PMC 3368382. PMID 21885731.
^ "Bacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine". Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-11.
^ Ryan KJ, Ray CG, ed. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-838-58529-9.
^ Baughn, Anthony; Malamy, Michael (2004). "Molecular Basis for Aerotolerance of the Obligately Anaerobic Bacteroides Spp.". In Nakano, Michiko; Zuber, Peter. Strict and Facultative Anaerobes: Medical and Environmental Aspects. CRC Press. p. 161. ISBN 1-904933-03-3.
^ Salyers AA, Gupta A, Wang Y (2004). "Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes". Trends Microbiol 12 (9): 412–416. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.004. PMID 15337162.
^ Löfmark, S.; Jernberg, C.; Jansson, K.; Edlund, C. (2006). "Clindamycin-induced enrichment and long-term persistence of resistant Bacteroides spp. and resistance genes". The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 58 (6): 1160–1167. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl420. PMID 17046967. edit
^ Bernhard AE, Field KG. A PCR assay To discriminate human and ruminant feces on the basis of host differences in Bacteroides-Prevotella genes encoding 16S rRNA (Oct 2000). "A PCR assay to discriminate human and ruminant feces on the basis of host differences in Bacteroides-Prevotella genes encoding 16S rRNA" (PDF). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (10): 4571–4574. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.10.4571-4574.2000. PMC 92346. PMID 11010920.
^ Kreader, CA (Oct 1998). "Persistence of PCR-detectable Bacteroides distasonis from human feces in river water" (PDF). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64 (10): 4103–4105. PMC 106613. PMID 9758854.
^ Layton, A.; McKay, L; Williams, D; Garrett, V; Gentry, R; Sayler, G (2006). "Development of Bacteroides 16S rRNA Gene TaqMan-Based Real-Time PCR Assays for Estimation of Total, Human,and Bovine Fecal Pollution in Water". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (6): 4214–4224. doi:10.1128/AEM.01036-05. PMC 1489674. PMID 16751534.
^ Bell A, Layton AC, McKay L, Williams D, Gentry R, Sayler GS (27 Apr 2009). "Factors influencing the persistence of fecal Bacteroides in stream water". J Environ Qual. 38 (3): 1224–1232. doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0258. PMID 19398520.
^ http://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6150/1241214.abstract

External links

Bacteroides infections in E Medicine
Bacteroides in detail.

UpToDate Contents

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1. 嫌気性細菌感染 anaerobic bacterial infections
2. セフェム系 cephalosporins
3. 嫌気菌：ヒトの正常細菌叢における歴史および役割 anaerobic bacteria history and role in normal human flora
4. β-ラクタマーゼ阻害剤、カルバペネム系、およびモノバクタム系抗菌薬の併用 combination beta lactamase inhibitors carbapenems and monobactams
5. 嫌気性感染症における病態生理、臨床的な手がかり、および微生物の回収方法 pathophysiology clinical clues and recovery of organisms in anaerobic infections

English Journal

Antibiotic resistance capability of cultured human colonic microbiota growing in a chemostat model.

Chen T1, Li S, Wei H.
Applied biochemistry and biotechnology.Appl Biochem Biotechnol.2014 Jun;173(3):765-74. doi: 10.1007/s12010-014-0882-6. Epub 2014 Apr 9.
To evaluate the potential antibiotic resistance capability of cultured human colonic microbiota as a whole system when residual antibiotics enter the human intestine, the combination of viable cell counting and denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) method was used to study effects of the en
PMID 24715638

Design and in vitro evaluation of a novel poly(methacrylic acid)/metronidazole antibacterial nanogel as an oral dosage form.

Chen T1, Chen L2, Li H2, Chen Y2, Guo H2, Shu Y2, Chen Z3, Cai C4, Guo L5, Zhang X6, Zhou L7, Zhong Q8.
Colloids and surfaces. B, Biointerfaces.Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces.2014 Jun 1;118:65-71. doi: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2014.02.011. Epub 2014 Mar 2.
To overcome the undesirable side-effects of metronidazole (MTZ), ethylene glycol dimethacrylate is used as the cross-linker, and a series of poly(methacrylic acid) (PMAA) nanogels were prepared to load the MTZ. We investigated the morphology, size, in vitro release property in the simulated gastroin
PMID 24727529

Management of odontogenic space infection with microbiology study.

Singh M, Kambalimath DH, Gupta KC.
Journal of maxillofacial and oral surgery.J Maxillofac Oral Surg.2014 Jun;13(2):133-9. doi: 10.1007/s12663-012-0463-6. Epub 2014 Feb 9.
INTRODUCTION: Dental infection has plagued humankind for as long as our civilization has been a fight against microorganisms by man dates back to ancient civilization. The discoveries of antibiotics are encouraging trends towards conquest of the microbial infection.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study
PMID 24822004

Japanese Journal

同種造血幹細胞移植後に発症した偏性嫌気性菌血流感染症の特徴

日本造血細胞移植学会雑誌 6(1), 52-59, 2017
NAID 130005292490

ウレアーゼ産生菌による尿路感染に伴う高アンモニア血症から意識障害を発症した1例

泌尿器科紀要 = Acta urologica Japonica 62(8), 421-425, 2016-08
NAID 120005841432

Mycotic Aneurysm Caused by <i>Bacteroides fragilis</i> in an Elderly Immunosuppressed Patient

Internal Medicine 55(23), 3535-3538, 2016
NAID 130005171734

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リンク元	「Bacteroides感染症」「バクテロイデス感染」「バクテロイデス感染症」
関連記事	「infection」「Bacteroides」

「Bacteroides感染症」

Bacteroides
	Bacteroides spp. anaerobically cultured in blood agar medium
Scientific classification
Kingdom:	Bacteria
Phylum:	Bacteroidetes
Class:	Bacteroidetes
Order:	Bacteroidales
Family:	Bacteroidaceae
Genus:	Bacteroides; Castellani & Chalmers 1919
Species
	B. acidifaciens; B. distasonis (reclassified as Parabacteroides distasonis); B. gracilis; B. fragilis; B. oris; B. ovatus; B. putredinis; B. pyogenes; B. stercoris; B. suis; B. tectus; B. thetaiotaomicron; B. vulgatus; etc.;

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英: Bacteroides infection
関: バクテロイデス感染症、バクテロイデス感染

「バクテロイデス感染」

　　[★]

英: Bacteroides infection
関: バクテロイデス感染症、Bacteroides感染症

「バクテロイデス感染症」

　　[★]

英: Bacteroides infection
関: バクテロイデス感染、Bacteroides感染症

「infection」

　　[★]

n.

感染、伝染、感染症

関: contagion、infect、infectious disease、infestation、transmission、transmit

「Bacteroides」

　　[★] バクテロイデス属　

[Madigan_M.2C_Martinko_J_editors._2005-1] Madigan M, Martinko J, ed. (2005). Brock Biology of Microorganisms (11th ed.). Prentice Hall. ISBN 0-131-44329-1.

[Dorland-2] Dorland WAN (editor) (2003). Dorland's Illustrated Medical Dictionary (30th ed.). W.B. Saunders. ISBN 0-721-60146-4.

[Wexler-3] Wexler, H. M. (Oct 2007). "Bacteroides: the good, the bad, and the nitty-gritty" (FREE FULL TEXT). Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20 (4): 593–621. doi:10.1128/CMR.00008-07. ISSN 0893-8512. PMC 2176045. PMID 17934076. edit

[jianxu-4] Xu, J. .; Gordon, I. . (Sep 2003). "Inaugural Article: Honor thy symbionts" (FREE FULL TEXT). Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 100 (18): 10452–10459. Bibcode:2003PNAS..10010452X. doi:10.1073/pnas.1734063100. ISSN 0027-8424. PMC 193582. PMID 12923294. edit

[jianxu2-5] Xu, J.; Mahowald, A.; Ley, E.; Lozupone, A.; Hamady, M.; Martens, C.; Henrissat, B.; Coutinho, M.; Minx, P.; Latreille, P.; Cordum, H.; Van Brunt, A.; Kim, K.; Fulton, R. S.; Fulton, L. A.; Clifton, S. W.; Wilson, R. K.; Knight, R. D.; Gordon, J. I. (Jul 2007). "Evolution of symbiotic bacteria in the distal human intestine" (FREE FULL TEXT). PLoS Biology 5 (7): e156. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050156. ISSN 1544-9173. PMC 1892571. PMID 17579514. edit

[6] Finegold SM, Sutter VL, Mathisen GE (1983). Normal indigenous intestinal flora (pp. 3-31) in Human intestinal microflora in health and disease. Academic Press. ISBN 0-123-41280-3.

[Martens_2008-7] Martens EC, Chiang HC, Gordon JI (2008). "Mucosal Glycan Foraging Enhances Fitness and Transmission of a Saccharolytic Human Gut Bacterial Symbiont". Cell Host Microbe 13 (4): 447–57. doi:10.1016/j.chom.2008.09.007. PMC 2605320. PMID 18996345.

[8] Wu GD, Chen J, Hoffmann C, Bittinger K, Chen YY, Keilbaugh SA, Bewtra M, Knights D, Walters WA, Knight R, Sinha R, Gilroy E, Gupta K, Baldassano R, Nessel L, Li H, Bushman FD, Lewis JD (October 7, 2011). "Linking long-term dietary patterns with gut microbial enterotypes". Science 334 (6052): 105–8. Bibcode:2011Sci...334..105W. doi:10.1126/science.1208344. PMC 3368382. PMID 21885731.

[urlBacteroides_Infection:_Overview_-_eMedicine-9] "Bacteroides Infection: Overview - eMedicine". Archived from the original on 22 December 2008. Retrieved 2008-12-11.

[Sherris-10] Ryan KJ, Ray CG, ed. (2004). Sherris Medical Microbiology (4th ed.). McGraw Hill. ISBN 0-838-58529-9.

[Baughn-11] Baughn, Anthony; Malamy, Michael (2004). "Molecular Basis for Aerotolerance of the Obligately Anaerobic Bacteroides Spp.". In Nakano, Michiko; Zuber, Peter. Strict and Facultative Anaerobes: Medical and Environmental Aspects. CRC Press. p. 161. ISBN 1-904933-03-3.

[Salyers_2004-12] Salyers AA, Gupta A, Wang Y (2004). "Human intestinal bacteria as reservoirs for antibiotic resistance genes". Trends Microbiol 12 (9): 412–416. doi:10.1016/j.tim.2004.07.004. PMID 15337162.

[Lofmark-13] Löfmark, S.; Jernberg, C.; Jansson, K.; Edlund, C. (2006). "Clindamycin-induced enrichment and long-term persistence of resistant Bacteroides spp. and resistance genes". The Journal of antimicrobial chemotherapy 58 (6): 1160–1167. doi:10.1093/jac/dkl420. PMID 17046967. edit

[14] Bernhard AE, Field KG. A PCR assay To discriminate human and ruminant feces on the basis of host differences in Bacteroides-Prevotella genes encoding 16S rRNA (Oct 2000). "A PCR assay to discriminate human and ruminant feces on the basis of host differences in Bacteroides-Prevotella genes encoding 16S rRNA" (PDF). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 66 (10): 4571–4574. doi:10.1128/AEM.66.10.4571-4574.2000. PMC 92346. PMID 11010920.

[15] Kreader, CA (Oct 1998). "Persistence of PCR-detectable Bacteroides distasonis from human feces in river water" (PDF). Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64 (10): 4103–4105. PMC 106613. PMID 9758854.

[16] Layton, A.; McKay, L; Williams, D; Garrett, V; Gentry, R; Sayler, G (2006). "Development of Bacteroides 16S rRNA Gene TaqMan-Based Real-Time PCR Assays for Estimation of Total, Human,and Bovine Fecal Pollution in Water". Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72 (6): 4214–4224. doi:10.1128/AEM.01036-05. PMC 1489674. PMID 16751534.

[17] Bell A, Layton AC, McKay L, Williams D, Gentry R, Sayler GS (27 Apr 2009). "Factors influencing the persistence of fecal Bacteroides in stream water". J Environ Qual. 38 (3): 1224–1232. doi:10.2134/jeq2008.0258. PMID 19398520.

[18] ttp://www.sciencemag.org/content/341/6150/1241214.abstract

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Bacteroides infection