スペインでは最高気温が46度を超えるなど記録的な猛暑となった2018年スペイン熱波(Ola de calor)と、2020年のCOVID-19のパンデミックの期間において、有意な超過死亡が発生した(期待値は黒、信頼区間は灰色)。2018-2019年冬のインフルエンザ(Gripe)流行期における死者数は信頼区間に収まり、例年通りであった。なお、最新データ(右端)で超過死亡率が下がっているのは死者が減っているからでは無く、報告が遅れているためである。
欧州では、季節性インフルエンザ、パンデミック、その他の公衆衛生上の脅威に関連する超過死亡の検出と測定を目的として、ヨーロッパの24か国の死亡率データがEuroMOMO(欧州死亡率モニター)プラットフォームに統合されている。EuroMOMOは、デンマークのコペンハーゲンに設置された感染症疫学予防部 (the Department of Infectious Disease Epidemiology and Prevention) が主催および管理している。
^The Impact of Heat Waves and Cold Spells on Mortality Rates in the Dutch Population Environmental Health Perspectives Volume 109, Number 5, May 2001
^原文:These compensatory effects suggest a mortality displacement or “harvesting” effect: heat principally affects those whose health is already compromised and who would have died in the short term anyway
^Serfling, Robert (1963). “Methods for current statistical analysis of excess pneumonia-influenza deaths” (英語). Public Health Reports78: 499. PMC 1915276. PMID 19316455. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1915276/.
^Dushoff, Jonathan; Plotkin, Joshua B.; Viboud, Cecile; Earn, David J. D.; Simonsen, Lone (2006-01-15). “Mortality due to Influenza in the United States-An Annualized Regression Approach Using Multiple-Cause Mortality Data” (英語). American Journal of Epidemiology163 (2): 181-187. doi:10.1093/aje/kwj024. ISSN 0002-9262. https://academic.oup.com/aje/article/163/2/181/95820.
^Trends in Recorded Influenza Mortality: United States, 1900–2004
^CDC Past Seasons Estimated Influenza Disease Burden
^新型肺炎以上の脅威、米でインフルエンザの死者1万人超にダイヤモンド・オンライン
^Haidong Wang, et al., "Estimating excess mortality due to the COVID-19 pandemic: a systematic analysis of COVID-19-related mortality, 2020–21", The Lancet, March 10, 2022, DOI:https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02796-3
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