英国医薬品再評価委員会(The Committee on the Review of Medicines)は、ベンゾジアゼピンの耐性、薬物依存症、離脱の問題、他の有害作用について重大な懸念に基づいて調査を実施し、その結果は『英国医学雑誌』(the British Medical Journal)の1980年3月号に掲載された。委員会にてベンゾジアゼピンには抗うつ薬や鎮痛薬としての適性がないことが判明し、そのためうつ病、緊張型頭痛、月経困難症などの状態には不適切であると結論した。またベンゾジアゼピンは精神病の治療にも利益がなかった。また委員会は子供の不安や不眠症の治療に対するベンゾジアゼピンの使用には反対するということを勧告した。[33]
英国の国民保健サービス(NHS)の2006年の『GP向けベンゾジアゼピンおよび睡眠薬の処方・離脱ガイドライン』(Guidance for prescribing and withdrawal of benzodiazepines and hypnotics in general practice)において以下の診断基準を提示している[37]
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^Uzun, S.; Kozumplik, O.; Jakovljević, M.; Sedić, B. (Mar 2010). “Side effects of treatment with benzodiazepines”. Psychiatr Danub22 (1): 90–3. PMID 20305598.
^ abcAllison C, Pratt JA (May 2003). “Neuroadaptive processes in GABAergic and glutamatergic systems in benzodiazepine dependence”. Pharmacol. Ther.98 (2): 171–95. doi:10.1016/S0163-7258(03)00029-9. PMID 12725868. http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0163725803000299.
^ abHaddad, Peter; Deakin, Bill; Dursun, Serdar (2004-05-27). “Benzodiazepine dependence”. Adverse Syndromes and Psychiatric Drugs: A clinical guide. Oxford University Press. pp. 240-252. ISBN 978-0198527480. http://books.google.co.uk/books-id=uV1rE_hOvJ8C&pg=PA240
^ ab中川敦夫ら 2011, p. 8.
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^Authier, N.; Balayssac, D.; Sautereau, M.; Zangarelli, A.; Courty, P.; Somogyi, AA.; Vennat, B.; Llorca, PM. et al. (Nov 2009). “Benzodiazepine dependence: focus on withdrawal syndrome.”. Ann Pharm Fr67 (6): 408–13. doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.001. PMID 19900604.
^ abKhong, E.; Sim, MG.; Hulse, G. (Nov 2004). “Benzodiazepine dependence.” (PDF). Aust Fam Physician33 (11): 923-6. PMID 15584332. http://www.racgp.org.au/afp/200411/20041031khong.pdf.
^英国国立薬物乱用治療庁 2007.
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^World Health Organisation - Assessment of Zopiclone
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^Tyrer, Peter; Silk, Kenneth R., eds (2008-01-24). “Treatment of sedative-hypnotic dependence”. Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. pp. 402. ISBN 978-0-521-84228-0. http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=HLPXELjTgdEC&pg=PA402
^Karch, Steven B. (2006-12-20). Drug Abuse Handbook (2nd ed.). United States of America: CRC Press. p. 617. ISBN 978-0-8493-1690-6. http://books.google.com/?id=F0mUte90ATUC
^ abcdeCommittee on the Review of Medicines (1980-03-29). “Systematic review of the benzodiazepines. Guidelines for data sheets on diazepam, chlordiazepoxide, medazepam, clorazepate, lorazepam, oxazepam, temazepam, triazolam, nitrazepam, and flurazepam. Committee on the Review of Medicines”. Br Med J280 (6218): 910-2. doi:10.1136/bmj.280.6218.910. PMC: 1601049. PMID 7388368. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1601049/.
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^ICD-10 (2007年). “Chapter V - Mental and behavioural disorders (F00-F99) - Mental and behavioural disorders due to psychoactive substance use, 10-F19)”. World Health Organisation. 2012年2月4日閲覧。
^WHO Programme on Substance Abuse 1996, p. 21.
^NHS Grampian 2006, pp. 4-5.
^英国精神薬理学会 2012, pp. 16-18.
^Madhusoodanan S, Bogunovic OJ (September 2004). “Safety of benzodiazepines in the geriatric population”. Expert Opin Drug Saf3 (5): 485–93. doi:10.1517/14740338.3.5.485. PMID 15335303.
^Baillargeon L, Landreville P, Verreault R, Beauchemin JP, Grégoire JP, Morin CM (November 2003). “Discontinuation of benzodiazepines among older insomniac adults treated with cognitive-behavioural therapy combined with gradual tapering: a randomized trial” (PDF). CMAJ169 (10): 1015–20. PMC: 236226. PMID 14609970. http://eprints.ucl.ac.uk/6558/1/6558.pdf.
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^Authier, N; Balayssac, D; Sautereau, M; Zangarelli, A; Courty, P; Somogyi, AA; Vennat, B; Llorca, PM et al. (Nov 2009). “Benzodiazepine dependence: focus on withdrawal syndrome”. Ann Pharm Fr67 (6): 408-13. doi:10.1016/j.pharma.2009.07.001. PMID 19900604.
^Panus, Peter; Katzung, Bertram G.; Jobst, Erin E.; Tinsley, Suzanne; Masters, Susan B.; Trevor, Anthony J. (November 2008). “Sedative-hypnotic drugs”. PHARMACOLOGY FOR THE PHYSICAL THERAPIST (1 ed.). McGraw-Hill Medical. p. 192. ISBN 978-0071460439. http://books.google.co.uk/books-id=ijbNEiFbaTwC&pg=PA182
^Tyrer, Peter; Silk, Kenneth R. (2008-01-24). Cambridge Textbook of Effective Treatments in Psychiatry (1st ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 532. ISBN 978-0521842280. http://books.google.com/-id=HLPXELjTgdEC
^Morgan JD, Wright DJ, Chrystyn H (December 2002). “Pharmacoeconomic evaluation of a patient education letter aimed at reducing long-term prescribing of benzodiazepines”. Pharm World Sci24 (6): 231–5. doi:10.1023/A:1021587209529. PMID 12512155. http://www.kluweronline.com/art.pdf?issn=0928-1231&volume=24&page=231.
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^英国国立医療技術評価機構 2004, p. 2.13.
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^Professor Lader; Professor Morgan, Professor Shepherd, Dr Paul Williams, Dr Skegg, Professor Parish, Dr Peter Tyrer, Dr Inman, Dr John Marks (Ex-Roche), Peter Harris (Roche), Tom Hurry (Wyeth) (30th of October 1980 - 3rd of April 1981) (PDF). Benzodiazepine Dependence Medical Research Council headquarters, Closed until 2014 - Opened 2005. England: The National Archives. http://nationalarchives.gov.uk/catalogue/displaycataloguedetails.asp-CATLN=6&CATID=7798554&j=1.
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参考文献
WHO Programme on Substance Abuse (1996-11) (pdf). Rational use of benzodiazepines - Document no.WHO/PSA/96.11 (Report). World Health Organization. http://whqlibdoc.who.int/hq/1996/WHO_PSA_96.11.pdf2013年3月10日閲覧。.
英国精神薬理学会; AR Lingford-Hughes, S Welch, L Peters and DJ Nutt (July 2012). “BAP updated guidelines: evidence-based guidelines for the pharmacological management of substance abuse, harmful use, addiction and comorbidity: recommendations from BAP” (pdf). Journal of Psychopharmacology26 (7): 899–952. doi:10.1177/0269881112444324. PMID 22628390. オリジナルの2012年12月3日時点におけるアーカイブ。. https://web.archive.org/web/20121203025026/http://www.bap.org.uk/pdfs/BAPaddictionEBG_2012.pdf.
英国国立医療技術評価機構 (2004-04). Insomnia - newer hypnotic drugs (TA77) (Report). National Institute for Health and Clinical Excellence. http://www.nice.org.uk/TA0772013年3月10日閲覧。.
英国国立薬物乱用治療庁 (2007) (PDF). Drug misuse and dependence - UK guidelines on clinical management (Report). United Kingdom: Department of Health. http://www.nta.nhs.uk/publications/documents/clinical_guidelines_2007.pdf.
Davidson B et al; NHS Grampian (2006) (PDF). Guidance for prescribing and withdrawal of benzodiazepines and hypnotics in general practice (Report). 英国国民医薬品集. オリジナルの2012-06-20時点におけるアーカイブ。. http://www.benzo.org.uk/amisc/bzgrampian.pdf.
Professor Heather Ashton (2002). Benzodiazepines: How They Work and How to Withdraw. http://benzo.org.uk/manual/index.htm2013年1月19日閲覧。
ヘザー・アシュトン『ベンゾジアゼピン - それはどのように作用し、離脱するにはどうすればよいか』(pdf)Professor C H Ashton、2002年8月。2013年1月19日閲覧。
The National Center on Addiction and Substance Abuse at Columbia University (2012-06). Addiction Medicine: Closing the Gap between Science and Practice. http://www.casacolumbia.org/templates/NewsRoom.aspx?articleid=678&zoneid=51
ヘザー・アシュトン『ベンゾジアゼピン - それはどのように作用し、離脱するにはどうすればよいか』(pdf)Professor C H Ashton、2002年8月。、Professor Heather Ashton (2002). Benzodiazepines: How They Work and How to Withdraw. http://benzo.org.uk/manual/index.htm 一般にアシュトンマニュアルと呼ばれる (邦訳は2012年8月19日に公開され、出典論文が省略されている)
… includes anxiolytic drugs . In addition, insomnia that is part of the depressive syndrome often responds to anxiolytic (hypnotic) therapy . This topic reviews the use of anxiolytics to treat… patients with these severe personality disorders are more prone to benzodiazepine dependence,…
… Lifetime diagnosis of DSM-IV alcohol dependence, though mixed results have been found on the association between current or past alcohol dependence and signs of benzodiazepine misuse .… or anxiolytic; use the sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic; or recover from its effects. 4. Craving, or a strong desire or urge to use the sedative, hypnotic, or anxiolytic.…
…Other frailty assessment tools employ multidimensional scoring based on specific comorbidities, dependence on others for activities of daily living, malnutrition, and dementia, rather than physical assessment … Dexmedetomidine – Dexmedetomidine is a highly selective alpha2 agonist sedative with anxiolytic and mild analgesic properties that is administered…
… The recognition that anxiety can exacerbate acute pain has led to the common practice of using anxiolytic drugs in combination with opioid analgesics, a practice that has become more widespread in burn centers …
…may benefit from behavioral modification in conjunction with antidepressants . The use of anxiolytic agents in patients with IBS should be limited to short-term (less than two weeks) reduction of acute …