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1. 診断的検査の評価evaluating diagnostic tests [show details]
… with a reference-standard. Ideally, a reference-standard allows unambiguous identification of diseased and nondiseased patients. However, in the real world, reference-standards often involve… often used as a reference-standard for the diagnosis of endometriosis; however, histopathology is not infallible. Cases can be misdiagnosed because of sampling error or individual…
2. 証拠、p値、および仮説検定proof p values and hypothesis testing [show details]
… variation in samples and to predict how likely it is that the results in the sample accurately reflect what would be seen in the entire population. In general, the size of the sample,… a much higher statistical standard of proof may be appropriate given the implausibility of the underlying hypothesis.… this does not mean that there is only a 5 percent chance that the real relative risk is below 0.7…
3. 非小細胞肺癌が疑われる患者における組織生検の手技procedures for tissue biopsy in patients with suspected non small cell lung cancer [show details]
…extends the sampling territory of standard cervical mediastinoscopy (1, 2, 3, 4, 7, 10) to the subaortic (5) and para-aortic (6) lymph node stations Stations 5 and 6 cannot be reached using standard cervical… Bronchoscopic-TBNA without real-time image guidance, which involves aspirating tissue by passing a needle (19 to 21 gauge) through the working channel of a conventional bronchoscope, can sample subcarinal,…
4. 絨毛膜サンプリング検査：リスク、合併症、および手技chorionic villus sampling [show details]
…Basics topics Chorionic villus sampling (CVS) is an ambulatory procedure in which small samples of the placenta are obtained for prenatal genetic diagnosis under real-time ultrasound guidance, typically …
5. 胎児の採血fetal blood sampling [show details]
… Most real-time ultrasound machines are equipped with an on-screen template of the needle tract that is used to target the sampling site.… possibility that intervening events, such as uterine contractions, may increase this distance. The standard length of a spinal needle is 8.9 cm (excluding the hub), but longer needles are available (up to …