n.

関連性

関: relationship、relative、relevance、relevant

WordNet

a particular manner of connectedness; "the relatedness of all living things"
estimated by comparison; not absolute or complete; "a relative stranger" (同)comparative
an animal or plant that bears a relationship to another (as related by common descent or by membership in the same genus) (同)congener, congenator, congeneric
a person related by blood or marriage; "police are searching for relatives of the deceased"; "he has distant relations back in New Jersey" (同)relation
a relation between people; (`relationship is often used where `relation would serve, as in `the relationship between inflation and unemployment, but the preferred usage of `relationship is for human relations or states of relatedness); "the relationship between mothers and their children" (同)human_relationship
a state involving mutual dealings between people or parties or countries
a state of connectedness between people (especially an emotional connection); "he didnt want his wife to know of the relationship"
having a bearing on or connection with the subject at issue; "the scientist corresponds with colleagues in order to learn about matters relevant to her own research"
the relation of something to the matter at hand (同)relevancy
the lack of any particular manner of connectedness

PrepTutorEJDIC

『関係のある』,関連した / 『比較上の』,相対的の / 相互の,相関的な / (文法で)関係を表す / 親類,親戚 / 関係詞,(特に)関係代名詞
=relation 1 / 血縁関係,親族関係
適切な / 《補語にのみ用いて》(主題・当面の問題などに)関連のた《+『to』+『名』》
適切 / (…に対する)関連性《+『to』+『名』》

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2016/10/14 22:45:12」(JST)

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The coefficient of relationship is a measure of the degree of consanguinity (or biological relationship) between two individuals. A coefficient of inbreeding can be calculated for an individual, as a measure for the amount of pedigree collapse within that individual's genealogy. The term coefficient of relationship was defined by Sewall Wright in 1922, and was derived from his definition of the coefficient of inbreeding of 1921. The measure is most commonly used in genetics and genealogy.

In general, the higher the level of inbreeding the closer the coefficient of relationship approaches a value of 1, expressed as a percentage,^[1] and approaches a value of 0 for individuals with arbitrarily remote common ancestors.

Coefficient of inbreeding

The coefficient of inbreeding ("f") is a measure of the likelihood of genetic effects due to inbreeding to be expected based on a known pedigree (i.e. a fully documented genealogy e.g. due to a fixed system of breeding).^[2] The measure expresses the expected percentage of homozygosity arising from a given system of breeding.

For a given gene with equally common dominant and recessive variants A and a, a random-bred stock will be 50% homozygous (25% AA and 25% aa), while a closely inbred population will be 100% homozygous (100% AA or 100% aa). The coefficient of inbreeding f is thus designed to run from 0 for an expected 50% homozygosis to 1 for an expected 100% homozygosis, f=2h-1, where h is the chance of finding homozygosis in this gene.

Note that f is an expectation value for an unspecified, hypothetical, perfectly Mendelian gene. Its definition holds regardless of whether the organism's genome actually contains such a gene. Therefore, the coefficient of inbreeding is a statistical value derived from the individual's pedigree and cannot be verified or "measured" exactly by looking at the individual's genome.

The coefficient of relationship ("r") between two individuals B and C is obtained by a summation of coefficients calculated for every line by which they are connected to their common ancestors. Each such line connects the two individuals via a common ancestor, passing through no individual which is not a common ancestor more than once. A path coefficient between an ancestor A and an offspring O separated by n generations is given as:

p_AO= 2⁻ⁿ⋅((1+f_A)/(1+f_O))^½

where f_A and f_O are the coefficients of inbreeding for A and O, respectively.^{[clarification needed]}

The coefficient of relationship r_BC is now obtained by summing over all path coefficients:

r_BC = Σ p_AB⋅p_AC.

By assuming that the pedigree can be traced back to a sufficiently remote population of perfectly random-bred stock (f_A=0)^{[clarification needed]} the definition of r may be simplified to

r_BC = Σ_p 2^−L(p),

where p enumerates all paths connecting B and C with unique common ancestors (i.e. all paths terminate at a common ancestor and may not pass through a common ancestor to a common ancestor's ancestor), and L(p) is the length of the path p.

To given an (artificial) example: Assuming that two individuals share the same 32 ancestors of n=5 generations ago, but do not have any common ancestors at four or fewer generations ago, their coefficient of relationship would be

r = 2ⁿ⋅2⁻²ⁿ = 2⁻ⁿ which is, because n = 5,

r = 2⁵•2⁻¹⁰ = 2⁻⁵ = 1/32 which is approximately 0.0313 or 3%.

Individuals for which the same situation applies for their 1024 ancestors of ten generations ago would have a coefficient of r = 2⁻¹⁰ = 0.1%. If follows that the value of r can be given to an accuracy of a few percent if the family tree of both individuals is known for a depth of five generations, and to an accuracy of a tenth of a percent if the known depth is at least ten generations. The contribution to r from common ancestors of 20 generations ago (corresponding to roughly 500 years in human genealogy, or the contribution from common descent from a medieval population) falls below one part-per-million.

Human relationships

Diagram of common family relationships, where the area of each colored circle is scaled according to the coefficient of relatedness. All relatives of the same relatedness are included together in one of the gray ellipses. Legal degrees of relationship can be found by counting the number of solid-line connections between the self and a relative.

The coefficient of relationship is sometimes used to express degrees of kinship in numeric terms in human genealogy.

In human relationships, the value of the coefficient of relationship is usually calculated based on the knowledge of a full family tree extending to a comparatively small number of generations, perhaps of the order of three or four. As explained above, the value for the coefficient of relationship so calculated is thus a lower bound, with an actual value that may be up to a few percent higher. The value is accurate to within 1% if the full family tree of both individuals is known to a depth of seven generations.^[3]

Degree of relationship	Relationship	Coefficient of relationship (r)
0	identical twins; clones	100%^[4] (1)
1	parent-offspring^[5]	50% (2⁻¹)
2	full siblings	50% (2⁻²+2⁻²)
2	3/4 siblings or sibling-cousins	37.5% (2⁻²+2⁻³)
2	grandparent-grandchild	25% (2⁻²)
2	half siblings	25% (2⁻²)
3	aunt/uncle-nephew/niece	25% (2⋅2⁻³)
4	double first cousins	25% (4⋅2⁻⁴)
3	great grandparent-great grandchild	12.5% (2⁻³)
4	first cousins	12.5% (2⋅2⁻⁴)
6	quadruple second cousins	12.5% (8⋅2⁻⁶)
6	triple second cousins	9.38% (6⋅2⁻⁶)
4	half-first cousins	6.25% (2⁻⁴)
5	first cousins once removed	6.25% (2⋅2⁻⁵)
6	double second cousins	6.25% (4⋅2⁻⁶)
6	second cousins	3.13% (2⋅2⁻⁶)
8	third cousins	0.78% (2⋅2⁻⁸)
10	fourth cousins	0.20% (2⋅2⁻¹⁰)^[6]

Most incest laws concern the relationships where r = 25% or higher, although many ignore the rare case of double first cousins. Some jurisdictions also prohibit sexual relations or marriage between cousins of various degree, or individuals related only through adoption or affinity. Whether there is any likelihood of conception is generally considered irrelevant.

References

^ strictly speaking, r=1 for clones and identical twins, but since the definition of r is usually intended to estimate the suitability of two individuals for breeding, they are typically taken to be of opposite sex.
^ "An inbreeding coefficient to be of most value should measure as directly as possible the effects to be expected on the average from the system of mating in the given pedigree." Wright (1922:331)
^ A full family tree of seven generations (128 paths to ancestors of the 7th degree) is unreasonable even for members of high nobility. For example, the family tree of Queen Elizabeth II is fully known for a depth of six generations, but becomes difficult to trace in the seventh generation.
^ By replacement in the definition of the notion of "generation" by meiosis". Since identical twins are not separated by meiosis, there are no "generations" between them, hence n=0 and r=1. See genetic-genealogy.co.uk.
^ "Kin Selection". Benjamin/Cummings. Retrieved 2007-11-25.
^ This degree of relationship is usually indistinguishable from the relationship to a random individual within the same population (tribe, country, ethnic group).

Bibliography

Wright, Sewall (1921). "Systems of Mating" (PDF). Genetics. 6: 111–178. five papers:
- I) The biometric relations between offspring and parent
- II) The effects of inbreeding on the genetic composition of a population
- III) Assortative mating based on somatic resemblance
- IV) The effects of selection
- V) General considerations
Wright, Sewall (1922). "Coefficients of inbreeding and relationship". American Naturalist. 56: 330–338. doi:10.1086/279872.
Malécot, G. (1948) Les mathématiques de l’hérédité, Masson et Cie, Paris. Lange, K. (1997) Mathematical and statistical methods for genetic analysis, Springer-Verlag, New-York.
Oliehoek, Pieter; Jack J. Windig; Johan A. M. van Arendonk; Piter Bijma (May 2006). "Estimating Relatedness Between Individuals in General Populations With a Focus on Their Use in Conservation Programs". Genetics. 173: 483–496. doi:10.1534/genetics.105.049940. PMC 1461426. PMID 16510792. |access-date= requires |url= (help)

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リンク元	「relative」「relationship」「relevant」「relevance」「関連性」

「relative」

　　[★]

adj.

相対的な、相対の、相対性の、関連性の、関する、関連する

n.

親類、親戚、類縁体

関: about、analog、analogue、associate、association、attach、bearing、concern、connection、correlate、correlation、derivative、family、family member、implication、link、pertinent、reference、regard、relate、relatedness、relation、relationship、relatively、relativity、relevance、relevant

「relationship」

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n.

関連性、関係性、関連、関係

関: associate、association、attach、bearing、concern、connect、connection、correlate、correlation、germane、implicate、implication、interplay、link、pertain、pertinent、referable、reference、relate、relatedness、relation、relative、relevance、relevant、respect

「relevant」

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adj.

直接的に関連する、関連性のある(to)

関: (adv.)relevantly; associate、association、attach、bearing、connection、correlate、correlation、implication、link、pertinent、reference、relate、relatedness、relation、relationship、relative、relevance

「relevance」

　　[★]

n.

関連性、関連

関: associate、association、attach、bearing、connection、correlate、correlation、implication、link、pertinent、reference、relate、relatedness、relation、relationship、relative、relevant

「関連性」

　　[★]

英: relevance、relationship、relatedness、relative、relevant
関: 関係、関する、関連、親戚、親類、相対、相対性、相対的、類縁体、関係性

[1] strictly speaking, r=1 for clones and identical twins, but since the definition of r is usually intended to estimate the suitability of two individuals for breeding, they are typically taken to be of opposite sex.

[2] "An inbreeding coefficient to be of most value should measure as directly as possible the effects to be expected on the average from the system of mating in the given pedigree." Wright (1922:331)

[3] A full family tree of seven generations (128 paths to ancestors of the 7th degree) is unreasonable even for members of high nobility. For example, the family tree of Queen Elizabeth II is fully known for a depth of six generations, but becomes difficult to trace in the seventh generation.

[4] By replacement in the definition of the notion of "generation" by meiosis". Since identical twins are not separated by meiosis, there are no "generations" between them, hence n=0 and r=1. See genetic-genealogy.co.uk.

[5] "Kin Selection". Benjamin/Cummings. Retrieved 2007-11-25.

[6] This degree of relationship is usually indistinguishable from the relationship to a random individual within the same population (tribe, country, ethnic group).

v t e Population genetics

Key concepts	Hardy-Weinberg law Genetic linkage Identity by descent Linkage disequilibrium Fisher's fundamental theorem Neutral theory Shifting balance theory Price equation Coefficient of relationship Fitness Heritability

Selection	Natural Sexual Artificial Ecological

Effects of selection on genomic variation	Genetic hitchhiking Background selection

Genetic drift	Small population size Population bottleneck Founder effect Coalescence Balding–Nichols model

Founders	R. A. Fisher J. B. S. Haldane Sewall Wright

Related topics	Evolution Microevolution Evolutionary game theory Fitness landscape Genetic genealogy Quantitative genetics

List of evolutionary biology topics

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