adj.

(医)(症状が)ある疾患に特徴的な

The pathognomonic finding of a thyroglossal duct is elevation during protrusion of the tongue, which is true in this case.

Aneurysms of vessels are not pathognomonic of PAN.(HIM.2125)(血管の瘤は結節性多発動脈炎に特徴的ではない)

WordNet

relating to or containing gnomes; "gnomic verse"
easy to perceive; especially clearly outlined; "a distinct flavor"; "a distinct odor of turpentine"; "a distinct outline"; "the ship appeared as a distinct silhouette"; "distinct fingerprints"
recognizable; marked; "noticed a distinct improvement"; "at a distinct (or decided) disadvantage" (同)decided
(often followed by `from' (同)distinguishable
typical or distinctive; "heard my friends characteristic laugh"; "red and gold are the characteristic colors of autumn"; "stripes characteristic of the zebra"
any measurable property of a device measured under closely specified conditions (同)device characteristic
a distinguishing quality
the integer part (positive or negative) of the representation of a logarithm; in the expression log 643 = 2.808 the characteristic is 2
concerned with diagnosis; used for furthering diagnosis; "a diagnostic reading test"
characteristic or indicative of a disease; "a diagnostic sign of yellow fever"; "a rash symptomatic of scarlet fever"; "symptomatic of insanity"; "a rise in crime symptomatic of social breakdown" (同)symptomatic
of a feature that helps to distinguish a person or thing; "Jerusalem has a distinctive Middle East flavor"- Curtis Wilkie; "that is typical of you!" (同)typical

PrepTutorEJDIC

『別の』,別個の(separate) / 『明りょうな』,はっきりした;まぎれもない / 特異な,独特な;目立つ,目ざましい
『特有の』,独特の / 『特性』,特色,特微
診断の,診断のために役立つ
はっきりした差異のある,特有の,独特の

Wikipedia preview

出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/06/12 13:03:42」(JST)

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Pathognomonic (often misspelled as pathognomic and sometimes as pathomnemonic) is a term, often used in medicine, that means characteristic for a particular disease. A pathognomonic sign is a particular sign whose presence means that a particular disease is present beyond any doubt. Labelling a sign or symptom "pathognomonic" represents a marked intensification of a "diagnostic" sign or symptom.

The word is an adjective of Greek origin (παθογνωμονικόν [σύμπτωμα]), derived from páthos ("πάθος" meaning "disease") and gnōmon ("γνώμον" meaning "judge").

Practical use

While some findings may be classic, typical or highly suggestive in a certain condition, they may not occur uniquely in this condition and therefore may not directly imply a specific diagnosis. A pathognomonic sign or symptom has very high specificity but does not need to have high sensitivity: for example it can sometimes be absent in a certain disease, since the term only implies that, when it is present, the doctor instantly knows the patient's illness. The presence of a pathognomonic finding allows immediate diagnosis, since there are no other conditions in the differential diagnosis.

Singular pathognomonic signs are relatively uncommon. Examples of pathognomonic findings include Koplik's spots inside the mouth in measles, the palmar xanthomata seen on the hands of people suffering from hyperlipoproteinemia, Negri bodies within brain tissue infected with rabies, or a tetrad of rash, arthralgia, abdominal pain and kidney disease in a child with Henoch-Schönlein purpura.

As opposed to symptoms (reported subjectively by the patient and not measured) and signs (observed by the physician at the bedside on physical exam, without need for a report) a larger number of medical test results are pathognomonic. An example is the hypersegmented neutrophil, which is seen only in megaloblastic anemias (not a single disease, but a set of closely related disease states). More often a test result is "pathognomonic" only because there has been a consensus to define the disease state in terms of the test result (such as diabetes mellitus being defined in terms of chronic fasting blood glucose levels).

In contrast, a test with very high sensitivity rarely misses a condition, so a negative result should be reassuring (the disease tested for is absent). A sign or symptom with very high sensitivity is often termed sine qua non. An example of such test is a genetic test to find an underlying mutation in certain types of hereditary colon cancer.^[1]^[2]

Examples

Disease	Sign
Cytomegalovirus infection	Owl's eye appearance of inclusion bodies^[3]^[4]
Hodgkin's lymphoma	Pain within minutes^[5] after drinking alcohol.^[6] Reed-Sternberg cells (giant mono- and multinucleated cells) upon microscopy
Lyme disease	Erythema chronicum migrans^[7]
Inclusion body myositis	Filamentous material seen in inclusion bodies under electron microscopy
Hypocalcemia	Trousseau sign and Chvostek sign
Tetanus	Risus sardonicus
Measles	Koplik's spots
Diphtheria	Pseudomembrane on tonsils, pharynx and nasal cavity
Chronic hemorrhagic pancreatitis	Grey-Turner's sign (ecchymosis in flank area)
Cholera	Rice-watery stool
Enteric fever	Rose spots in abdomen
Meningitis	Kernig's sign and Brudzinski's sign
Cholecystitis	Murphy's sign (cessation of deep inspiration when inflamed gallbladder is palpated)
Angina pectoris	Levine's sign (hand clutching of chest)^[8]
Patent ductus arteriosus	Machine-like murmur
Pleural effusion	Stony-dull percussion
Parkinson's disease^{[citation needed]}	Pill-rolling tremors^{[citation needed]}
Whipple's disease	Oculo-masticatory myorhythmia
Acute myeloid leukemia	Auer rod
Multiple sclerosis	Bilateral internuclear ophthalmoplegia
Congestive heart failure	Third heart sound
Pericarditis	Pericardial friction rub
Neurofibromatosis type I	Plexiform neurofibroma
Pyelonephritis	White blood cell casts
Rheumatic fever	Aschoff bodies
Rabies	Hydrophobia and negri bodies

References

^ Lynch, H. T.; Lynch, J. F.; Lynch, P. M.; Attard, T. (2007). "Hereditary colorectal cancer syndromes: Molecular genetics, genetic counseling, diagnosis and management". Familial Cancer 7 (1): 27–39. doi:10.1007/s10689-007-9165-5. PMID 17999161. edit
^ Lynch, H. T.; Lanspa, S. J. (2010). "Colorectal Cancer Survival Advantage in MUTYH-Associated Polyposis and Lynch Syndrome Families". JNCI Journal of the National Cancer Institute 102 (22): 1687. doi:10.1093/jnci/djq439. edit
^ Page 268 in: Gibbs, Ronald Darnley; Sweet, Richard L. (2009). Infectious Diseases of the Female Genital Tract (INFECTIOUS DISEASE OF THE FEMALE GENITAL TRACT ( SWEET)). Hagerstwon, MD: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 0-7817-7815-8.
^ Mattes FM, McLaughlin JE, Emery VC, Clark DA, Griffiths PD (August 2000). "Histopathological detection of owl's eye inclusions is still specific for cytomegalovirus in the era of human herpesviruses 6 and 7". J. Clin. Pathol. 53 (8): 612–4. doi:10.1136/jcp.53.8.612. PMC 1762915. PMID 11002765.
^ Bobrove AM (June 1983). "Alcohol-related pain and Hodgkin's disease". The Western Journal of Medicine 138 (6): 874–5. PMC 1010854. PMID 6613116.
^ Page 242 in: John Kearsley (1998). Cancer: A Comprehensive Clinical Guide. Washington, DC: Taylor & Francis. ISBN 90-5702-215-X.
^ Ogden NH, Lindsay LR, Morshed M, Sockett PN, Artsob H (January 2008). "The rising challenge of Lyme borreliosis in Canada". Can. Commun. Dis. Rep. 34 (1): 1–19. PMID 18290267.
^ Mark H. Swartz (2014). Textbook of Physical Diagnosis: History and Examination. Elsevier. p. 354. ISBN 9780323225076.

External links

Slide show with audio summary of 122 pathognomonic signs

UpToDate Contents

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1. 基本的な心電図異常の鑑別診断 differential diagnosis of basic electrocardiographic abnormalities
2. リンパ形質細胞性リンパ腫の臨床症状、病理学的特徴、および診断 clinical manifestations pathologic features and diagnosis of lymphoplasmacytic lymphoma
3. 遺伝性腎炎（アルポート症候群）の遺伝学、病因、および病理 genetics pathogenesis and pathology of hereditary nephritis alport syndrome
4. 裂肛：臨床症状、診断、および予防 anal fissure clinical manifestations diagnosis prevention
5. チェディアック・東症候群 chediak higashi syndrome

English Journal

The placental mTOR-pathway: correlation with early growth trajectories following intrauterine growth restriction?

Fahlbusch FB1, Hartner A1, Menendez-Castro C1, Nögel SC1, Marek I1, Beckmann MW2, Schleussner E3, Ruebner M2, Huebner H2, Dörr HG1, Schild RL4, Dötsch J5, Rascher W1.
Journal of developmental origins of health and disease.J Dev Orig Health Dis.2015 Aug;6(4):317-26. doi: 10.1017/S2040174415001154. Epub 2015 May 20.
Idiopathic intrauterine growth restriction (IUGR) is a result of impaired placental nutrient supply. Newborns with IUGR exhibiting postnatal catch-up growth are of higher risk for cardiovascular and metabolic co-morbidities in adult life. Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) was recently shown to fu
PMID 25989725
PMID 26047748

R705H mutation of MYH9 is associated with MYH9-related disease and not only with non-syndromic deafness DFNA17.

Verver E1, Pecci A2, De Rocco D3, Ryhänen S4, Barozzi S2, Kunst H5, Topsakal V1, Savoia A3,6.
Clinical genetics.Clin Genet.2015 Jul;88(1):85-9. doi: 10.1111/cge.12438. Epub 2014 Jul 26.
MYH9-related disease (MYH9-RD) is a rare autosomal dominant disease caused by mutation of MYH9, the gene encoding for the heavy chain of non-muscle myosin IIA (NMMHC-IIA). MYH9-RD patients have macrothrombocytopenia and granulocyte inclusions (pathognomonic sign of the disease) containing wild-type
PMID 24890873

Japanese Journal

腹腔鏡下手術を施行した左子宮広間膜異常裂孔ヘルニアによる絞扼性イレウスの1例

東京女子医科大学雑誌 85(E1), E62-E65, 2015-03-31
NAID 110009888984

Takotsubo (Ampulla) Cardiomyopathy: Guidelines for Diagnosis, and Pathognomonic Features

順天堂醫事雑誌 61(5), 496-502, 2015
NAID 130005120077

診療拡散強調像での海馬の点状の高信号病変は一過性全健忘に特異的ではない

臨床放射線 59(10), 1321-1324, 2014-10
NAID 40020232531

Related Pictures

★リンクテーブル★

リンク元	「オピオイド」「distinct」「characteristic」「特徴的」「diagnostic」

「オピオイド」

　　[★]

英: opioid
同: 類麻薬
関: オピオイド受容体

オピオイド受容体に結合するモルフィン様物質のことを指す。

内因性のオピオイドペプチドが発見され、これらは内因性オピオイドペプチドと呼ばれるようになった。

作用

縮瞳

モルフィンと多くのμ,κアゴニストは瞳孔の縮小を引き起こす。これは瞳孔を支配する副交感神経の興奮による。μアゴニストを中毒量投与すると縮瞳し、pinpoints pupupilsはpathognomonicである。(GOO.559)