WordNet
- use of the mails to defraud someone
- cause to be directed or transmitted to another place; "send me your latest results"; "Ill mail you the paper when its written" (同)post, send
- a conveyance that transports the letters and packages that are conveyed by the postal system
- the system whereby messages are transmitted via the post office; "the mail handles billions of items every day"; "he works for the United States mail service"; "in England they call mail `the post" (同)mail service, postal service, post
- any particular collection of letters or packages that is delivered; "your mail is on the table"; "is there any post for me?"; "she was opening her post" (同)post
- the bags of letters and packages that are transported by the postal service
- send via the postal service; "Ill mail you the check tomorrow" (同)get_off
- something intended to deceive; deliberate trickery intended to gain an advantage (同)fraudulence, dupery, hoax, humbug, put-on
- intentional deception resulting in injury to another person
- the transmission of a letter; "the postmark indicates the time of mailing" (同)posting
- mail sent by a sender at one time; "the candidate sent out three large mailings"
- informal terms for a mother (同)mama, mamma, mom, momma, mommy, mammy, mum, mummy
PrepTutorEJDIC
- 鎖かたびら,よろい / …‘に'鎖かたびらを着せる,武装させる
- 〈U〉(郵便で取り扱われる手紙・小包などを集合的に指して)『郵便』 / 《通例〈U〉で集合的に;時に〈C〉》(1回に配達または投函される)『郵便物』(《英》post) / (また『mails』)〈U〉郵便制度(《英》)post) / (…に)〈手紙など〉‘を'『郵送する』(《英》post)《+『名』+『to』+『名』》
- 〈T〉詐欺,ごまかし, / 〈C〉詐欺行為,不正手段, / 〈C〉にせ物,まやかし物 / 〈C〉ぺてん師,くわせ者
- 《M-》《話》おかあちゃん(mamma)
Wikipedia preview
出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2012/10/13 22:53:05」(JST)
[Wiki en表示]
In the United States, mail and wire fraud is any fraudulent scheme to intentionally deprive another of property or honest services via mail or wire communication. It has been a federal crime in the United States since 1872.
Contents
- 1 History
- 2 Text
- 2.1 Mail
- 2.2 Wire
- 2.3 Honest services
- 3 Elements
- 4 Case law
- 5 See also
- 6 Notes
- 7 References
- 8 External Links
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History
In the 1960s and '70s, inspectors under regional chief postal inspectors such as Martin McGee, known as "Mr. Mail Fraud," exposed and prosecuted numerous swindles involving land sales, phony advertising practices, insurance ripoffs and fraudulent charitable organizations using mail fraud charges.[1]
Text
Mail
18 U.S.C. § 1341 provides:
- Whoever, having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, or to sell, dispose of, loan, exchange, alter, give away, distribute, supply, or furnish or procure for unlawful use any counterfeit or spurious coin, obligation, security, or other article, or anything represented to be or intimated or held out to be such counterfeit or spurious article, for the purpose of executing such scheme or artifice or attempting so to do, places in any post office or authorized depository for mail matter, any matter or thing whatever to be sent or delivered by the Postal Service, or deposits or causes to be deposited any matter or thing whatever to be sent or delivered by any private or commercial interstate carrier, or takes or receives therefrom, any such matter or thing, or knowingly causes to be delivered by mail or such carrier according to the direction thereon, or at the place at which it is directed to be delivered by the person to whom it is addressed, any such matter or thing, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both. If the violation occurs in relation to, or involving any benefit authorized, transported, transmitted, transferred, disbursed, or paid in connection with, a presidentially declared major disaster or emergency (as those terms are defined in section 102 of the Robert T. Stafford Disaster Relief and Emergency Assistance Act (42 U.S.C. 5122)), or affects a financial institution, such person shall be fined not more than $1,000,000 or imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both.[2]
Wire
18 U.S.C. § 1343 provides:
- Whoever, having devised or intending to devise any scheme or artifice to defraud, or for obtaining money or property by means of false or fraudulent pretenses, representations, or promises, transmits or causes to be transmitted by means of wire, radio, or television communication in interstate or foreign commerce, any writings, signs, signals, pictures, or sounds for the purpose of executing such scheme or artifice, shall be fined under this title or imprisoned not more than 20 years, or both. If the violation affects a financial institution, such person shall be fined not more than $1,000,000 or imprisoned not more than 30 years, or both.[3]
Honest services
Main article: Honest services fraud
18 U.S.C. § 1346 provides:
- For the purposes of this chapter, the term “scheme or artifice to defraud” includes a scheme or artifice to deprive another of the intangible right of honest services.[4]
Elements
There are three elements to mail and wire fraud:
- Intent;
- A "scheme or artifice to defraud" or the obtaining of property by fraud; and,
- A mail or wire communication.[5]
To be fraudulent, a misrepresentation must be material.[6]
Mail fraud does not require that the mailing cross state lines; however, wire fraud does require that the wire communication cross state lines.[7]
Case law
In McNally v. United States (1987), the Supreme Court held that 18 U.S.C. §§ 1341 and 1343 did not reach "honest services fraud."[8] Congress responded by passing 18 U.S.C. § 1346. In Skilling v. United States (2010), the Court construed § 1346 to apply only to bribes and kickbacks.[9]
See also
- Patriot Act
- Making false statements
- Travel Act
Notes
- ^ http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1P2-4528100.html
- ^ 18 U.S.C. § 1341.
- ^ 18 U.S.C. § 1343.
- ^ 18 U.S.C. § 1346.
- ^ 18 U.S.C. § 1343.
- ^ Neder v. United States, 527 U.S. 1, 23 (1999).
- ^ J. Pollock, Criminal Law 545 (9th ed. 2009).
- ^ McNally v. United States, 483 U.S. 350 (1987).
- ^ Skilling v. United States, 30 S. Ct. 2896 (2010).
References
- Jed S. Rakoff, The Federal Mail Fraud Statute (Part I), 18 Duq. L. Rev. 771 (1980).
External Links
- The short film All the King’s Men: Picking Up the Pieces (2006) is available for free download at the Internet Archive [more]
Types of fraud
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|
Financial |
- Advance-fee (Lottery scam)
- Bank
- Bankruptcy
- Cheque
- Credit card
- Forex
- Friendly
- Insurance
- Mortgage
- Securities
- Tax
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|
Business-related |
- Billing
- Cramming
- Disability
- Drug / Pharmaceutical
- Employment
- Fixing
- Impersonation
- Intellectual property
- Internet
- Job
- Long firm
- Odometer
- Phone
- Quackery / Health care
- Return
- Slamming
- Telemarketing
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|
Family-related |
|
|
Government-related |
- Benefit
- Electoral
- Medicare
- Visa
- Welfare
|
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Other types |
- Charity
- Confidence trick
- Counterfeiting
- Forgery
- Hoax
- Impersonation
- Mail and wire (honest services)
- Spyware
|
|
Federal prosecution of public corruption in the United States
|
|
Statutes |
- Mail and wire fraud (Honest services fraud)
- Hobbs Act
- Travel Act
- Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations Act
- Foreign Corrupt Practices Act
- Program bribery
|
|
Precedents |
- United States v. Germaine (1879)
- Burton v. United States (1905, 1906)
- Glasser v. United States (1942)
- United States v. Hood (1952)
- United States v. Johnson (1966)
- United States v. Nardello (1969)
- United States v. Brewster (1972)
- United States v. Helstoski (1979)
- United States v. Gillock (1980)
- Dixson v. United States (1984)
- McNally v. United States (1987)
- McCormick v. United States (1991)
- Evans v. United States (1992)
- Salinas v. United States (1997)
- United States v. Sun-Diamond Growers of California (1999)
- Fischer v. United States (2000)
- Sabri v. United States (2004)
- Skilling v. United States (2010)
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|
Convictions |
- Federal officials
- State officials
- Local officials
- Unincorporated territory officials
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Investigations |
- Abscam
- Alaska political corruption probe
- BRISPEC
- Operation Bid Rig
- Operation Board Games
- Operation Boptrot
- Operation Greylord
- Operation G-Sting
- Operation Plunder Dome
- Operation Rocky Top
- Operation Silver Shovel
- Operation Tennessee Waltz
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Scandals |
- Congressional Post Office
- Cunningham
- Jack Abramoff CNMI
- House banking
- Koreagate
- Oregon land fraud
- Rod Blagojevich
- Teapot Dome
- Wedtech
- William J. Jefferson
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Topics |
- Public Integrity Section
- Speech or Debate Clause
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|
UpToDate Contents
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Japanese Journal
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- 満薗 勇
- 史學雜誌 118(9), 1643-1666, 2009-09-20
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