出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/08/29 20:26:25」(JST)
| この項目では、アメリカ合衆国の企業について記述しています。日本の検索エンジンについては「Yahoo! JAPAN」を、その他のYahoo (ヤフー)については「ヤフー」をご覧ください。 |
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Yahoo! 本社
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| 種類 | 公開会社 | ||
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| 市場情報 |
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| 略称 | Yahoo!、ヤフー（米ヤフー、米Yahoo!）[1] | ||
| 本社所在地 | アメリカ合衆国 カリフォルニア州サニーベール 701 First Avenue |
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| 設立 | 1995年3月1日 | ||
| 業種 | 情報・通信業 | ||
| 代表者 | CEO マリッサ・メイヤー 取締役会長 ロイ・J・ボストック |
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| 資本金 | 12,541 Million US$ （2011年12月31日時点）[2] |
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| 発行済株式総数 | 1,213,749,472 株 （2012年2月17日時点）[3] |
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| 売上高 | 連結:4,984 Million US$ （2011年12月期）[4] |
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| 営業利益 | 連結:800 Million US$ （2011年12月期）[5] |
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| 純利益 | 連結:1,062 Million US$ （2011年12月期）[6] |
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| 総資産 | 連結:14,782 Million US$ （2011年12月末時点）[7] |
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| 従業員数 | 14,100人 （2011年12月末時点）[8] |
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| 決算期 | 12月末日 | ||
| 関係する人物 | ジェリー・ヤン、デビッド・ファイロ | ||
| 外部リンク | www.yahoo.com | ||
| テンプレートを表示 | |||
Yahoo!（ヤフー）は、アメリカ合衆国のインターネット関連サービスの提供を行う企業であり、検索エンジンをはじめとしたポータルサイトの運営を主力事業としている。「Y!」と略されるときがある。
1994年、スタンフォード大学のジェリー・ヤンとデビッド・ファイロによってウェブディレクトリとして始められた。
ファイロとヤンの2人はスタンフォード大学の学生の頃、ネットサーフィン中に見つけた興味深いページを「Jerry's Guide to the World Wide Web」（「ジェリーのワールド・ワイド・ウェブ案内」を意味する）というウェブサイトに公開していた。ファイロとヤンは好角家で、初期には Yahoo! は力士の曙太郎に因んで「Akebono」と名づけられたヤンの研究用ワークステーションに、検索エンジンは、同じく力士の小錦八十吉 (6代)に因んで「Konishiki」と名づけられたファイロのコンピュータに格納されていた[9]。
リンクが階層的に分類され、ジャンル別に検索しやすくなったこのウェブサイトは評判となり、それに伴い同ウェブサイトが置かれていたスタンフォード大学のネットワーク負荷が増えてきたため、1995年のはじめにマーク・アンドリーセンの勧めでネットスケープコミュニケーションズの大型コンピュータに移行した[9]。
やがて2人はベンチャーキャピタルに事業化を持ちかけられ、1995年3月1日、アメリカ合衆国カリフォルニア州に Yahoo! Inc. を共同設立し、会社法人として事業を開始した。1996年4月にはNASDAQで株式を公開した。ティッカーシンボルは「YHOO」。ちなみにこの株式公開とほぼ同時期に、Yahoo! JAPAN のサービス開始等の関係からソフトバンクによる出資を受け入れており、一時はソフトバンクが同社の筆頭株主だった[10]。
1990年代後半には、MSN、ライコス、Excite（エキサイト）など、多くのポータルサイトが立ち上がった。こうしたポータルサイトは人気を得て、ユーザーの多くは、ポータルサイトに滞在するようになった。
1997年3月8日、Yahoo! はウェブメールサービスの Four11（フォー・イレブン）を買収した。これが後の Yahoo! Mail（ヤフー・メール）の原型である。また、ClassicGame.com（クラシック・ゲーム・ドット・コム）も買収し、これもYahoo! Games（ヤフー・ゲームズ）となった。1999年1月28日にはGeoCitiesを、2000年6月28日には eGroups（イー・グループス）を買収した。eGroups は Yahoo! Groups になっている。2001年7月21日には、Yahoo! Messenger（ヤフー・メッセンジャー）を開始している。
2000年1月3日には、株価が最高で475ドルにまで達する。この16日後には、Yahoo! JAPANの株が1億円を越え、1億140万円にまで達した。一方、2000年2月7日、www.yahoo.com に数時間のDDoS攻撃を受け、株価が4.5%も下落した。
このころには、eBayとの合併も取りざたされており、ケーブルテレビのCNBCもこれについて議論している[11]。合併こそ実現しなかったものの、両社はマーケティングや広告に関する協定を2006年に結んでいる[12]。
2000年6月26日には、Yahoo!は、Googleのサーチエンジンを利用することに合意した[13]。
2002年6月3日には、SBCとプロバイダ事業を共同で開始し、2003年1月には、BT Openworld（ビー・ティー・オープンワールド）との提携関係を結んだ。2005年8月23日には、ベライゾン・コミュニケーションズ社とDSLサービスを開始している。
2002年後半になると、他の検索エンジンの買収を開始し、2002年の12月にインクトミ社を、2003年1月には、オーバーチュアとその子会社のアルタビスタ、オールザウェブを買収している。2004年2月18日には、Googleの検索エンジンの利用を止め、自社の検索エンジンの利用を開始している。
2004年4月に始まったGoogle社のメールサービス Gmail（ジー・メール）に対抗して、Yahoo! はメールサービスの増強を図った。通常の利用分は100MBに、Yahoo! Mail Plus（ヤフー・メール・プラス）では、1GBの容量になった。2004年6月9日、電子メールプロバイダの Oddspot（オッド・スポット）を買収し、Ajaxインターフェイスの搭載を行った。また、グーグル社の Google Talk（グーグル・トーク）に対抗して、2005年10月13日には、Yahoo!とマイクロソフトが、それぞれのメッセンジャーに互換性を持たせることを発表している。
その後も買収を続け、特にWeb 2.0（ウェブ 2.0）関係のサービスの強化を図っている。2005年2月9日には音楽関連のサービスYahoo! Music」（ヤフー・ミュージック）を開始し、3月20日には、写真共有サービスの Flickr（フリッカー）を買収している[14]。同じく3月には、Yahoo! 360°（ヤフー 360°）というブログ、SNSサービスを開始している。同年6月にはblo.gsというRSSサービスの会社を、10月4日にはカレンダー共有サービスのUpcoming.orgを、12月9日にはソーシャルブックマークのdel.icio.us（デリシャス）を、2006年1月9日にプレイリスト共有コミュニティのwebjay（ウェブジェイ）をそれぞれ買収している。
2007年8月27日に、Yahoo!は Yahoo! Mail（ヤフー・メール） の新バージョンをリリースする。新バージョンには新しい機能（ Windows Live Messenger（ウィンドウズ・ライブ・メッセンジャー）の利用者にもインスタントメッセージが送れるようになるなど）が追加され、またコンピューターから携帯電話にテキスト形式のメッセージをインド、カナダ、フィリピン、米国の携帯電話に無料で送信できるできるようになった（受信は無料でない）。
2008年1月29日に、Yahoo!は同社の厳しく、苦しい経営状況では、検索エンジン業界のリーダーであるGoogle社と相乗的に市場競争ができないとして、全従業員14,300人のうち7％である1000人をレイオフ(人員削減)すると発表した。Yahoo!は急成長がみこまれ会社の拡大が期待できる分野に人員を当てることにしている。
2008年2月12日に、マサチューセッツ州ケンブリッジのオンライン動画プラットフォームプロバイダーのMaven Networks（メイブン・ネットワークス）を1億6000万ドルで買収。
2008年11月17日に、ジェリー・ヤンCEOは辞任し、以前の役職であるチーフに就任。
2008年12月10日には業績悪化に伴い、世界で1520人の従業員のレイオフを始めた。
| この節の加筆が望まれています。 |
2009年1月に、Yahoo! は創業者のジェリー・ヤンの後任のCEOに着任したキャロル・バーツからの指揮のもとで経営立て直しを試みることになった。
7月には、Yahoo!のウェブサイトにマイクロソフトの検索技術と検索広告プラットフォームを使うことでマイクロソフトとYahoo!は提携に合意した。
2009年7月21日に、Yahoo! は新しいバージョンのトップページを公開した。トップページ左側のカスタマイズ可能な「MY FAVORITES（マイ・フェイバリッツ＝お気に入り）」[15]には Yahoo! のサイト上で提供されているサービスのみならずネットフリックス、Facebook、イー・トレード、Twitterなどの他社のウェブ・サービスでも選んで配置できるようになった。
2011年9月6日、バーツは突如、取締役会長ロイ・J・ボストックの電話で解任された。一方、会社の全体または一部事業の売却を検討しているとされた。売却先としてAOL、マイクロソフト、アリババ等が候補に挙がっているとされた。
しばらくの間はティム・モースCFO（最高財務責任者）が暫定的CEOだった。
2012年1月4日、PayPal社長のスコット・トンプソンがCEOに指名された。同年4月には約2000人のレイオフを発表するなど再建に乗り出した。
3月には、Yahoo!はFacebookに特許を侵害されたと提訴した。4月にはFacebook側から逆提訴をされている。
しかし同年5月、トンプソンがコンピュータ・サイエンスの学士号を有しているとした「学歴詐称」問題が発覚。5月13日、就任からわずか4カ月でCEOを解任された。
2012年7月17日、ライバル企業であるGoogleの元役員でウォルマートの社外取締役であるマリッサ・メイヤーがCEOに就任した。メイヤーはフォーチュン500の会社の中では若いCEOになった。
Yahoo!の名前の由来は英語の「Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle」（さらにもう一つの階層的でお節介な神託）の略だといわれている[16]。また、ファイロとヤンは自分たちのことを「ならずもの」だと考えているので、「粗野な人」という意味がある「Yahoo」（『ガリヴァー旅行記』に登場する野獣の名前が由来）という言葉を選んだと主張している[9]。さらに感嘆符が付いていることに関しては「ヤッホー！」「やったー！」を意味する英語の感動詞「yahoo」と掛けているとも考えられる。
という検索エンジンの運用と検索サービスの提供という図式は、Yahoo!を初めとする数社によって始められ、かつ確立された。
このような形のウェブサイトをポータルサイト（入り口）と呼ぶようになった。
なお、Alexaが提供しているyahoo.comのトラフィック統計を見ると、アクセス全体に占める search.yahoo.com（検索サービス）のアクセスは全体の10.5%ほどで、Yahoo Japanでは[17]18%ほどとなっている。（2010年1月現在）
近年の業績悪化に伴い、2010年には自社開発の検索エンジン[18]からマイクロソフトのBing（ビング）に検索エンジンを切り替える方針を明らかにしており、2010年8月より順次各国語版で切り替えを開始している[19]。ただしYahoo! JAPANはBingではなくGoogleを採用する方針[20]。
Yahoo!では、Web（文書）、Images（画像）、Video（ビデオ）、Audio（音声）、Directory（Yahoo!に登録されたウェブサイトの目録）、Local（ローカル）、News（ニュース）、Shopping（買い物サービス）で分類して検索するシステムがある。
Yahoo! には、メインページ中央やや上部に、下のような Yahoo! が所有するサービスサイトがある。
サービス名に冠する「Yahoo!」は省略形の「Y!」で表される事がある。
丸かっこ（）内に Yahoo! JAPAN の対応するサービスを明記する。
など。
ほとんどの国・地域のYahoo!は「（国・地域のccTLD）.yahoo.com」のドメインを使用しているが、日本では「jp.yahoo.com」ではなく「yahoo.co.jp」を使用している。また、オーストリアやスイスは「（ccTLD）.search.yahoo.com」のドメインがトップページとなっている他、マレーシアはccTLDの「.my」が「My Yahoo!」とバッティングするため「malaysia.yahoo.com」が使われる。
台湾の「Yahoo! 奇摩」は地域のローカル検索事業者との合併に伴う名称となった結果、サイト名から地名が除かれている。また、オーストラリアの「Yahoo! 7」は大手放送事業者・セブン・ネットワークとの合弁に伴い、2006年1月よりサイト名を変更した。
asia.yahoo.com） - アジア全域に向けたYahoo!。英語。chinese.yahoo.com） - 世界各地の中国系住民に向けた中国語のYahoo!。ct.yahoo.com） - カタルーニャ語圏のYahoo!。kr.yahoo.com） - 韓国のYahoo!。2012年12月31日でサービス終了。| ウィキニュースに関連記事があります。
マイクロソフト、ヤフー買収を提案へ - アメリカ
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| ウィキメディア・コモンズには、Yahoo!に関連するメディアがあります。 |
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Current logo used since 1995 (purple since 2009) |
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| Type | Public |
|---|---|
| Traded as | NASDAQ: YHOO NASDAQ-100 Component |
| Industry | Internet |
| Founded | January 1994 (as Jerry's guide to the World Wide Web) March 1994 (as Yahoo!) |
| Founder(s) | Jerry Yang, David Filo |
| Headquarters | Sunnyvale, California, U.S. |
| Area served | Worldwide |
| Key people | Maynard Webb (Chairman) |
| Products | See Yahoo! products |
| Revenue | US$ 04.98 billion (2012)[1] |
| Operating income | US$ 0566 million (2012)[1] |
| Net income | US$ 03.94 billion (2012)[1] |
| Total assets | US$ 17.10 billion (2012)[1] |
| Total equity | US$ 14.56 billion (2012)[1] |
| Employees | 11,500 (2013)[2] |
| Subsidiaries | Yahoo! subsidiaries |
| Website | Yahoo.com |
Yahoo! Inc. is an American multinational internet corporation headquartered in Sunnyvale, California. It is widely known for its web portal, search engine Yahoo! Search, and related services, including Yahoo! Directory, Yahoo! Mail, Yahoo! News, Yahoo! Finance, Yahoo! Groups, Yahoo! Answers, advertising, online mapping, video sharing, fantasy sports and its social media website. It is one of the most popular sites in the United States.[3] According to news sources, roughly 700 million people visit Yahoo! websites every month.[4][5] Yahoo! itself claims it attracts "more than half a billion consumers every month in more than 30 languages."[6]
Yahoo! Inc. was founded by Jerry Yang and David Filo in January 1994 and was incorporated on March 1, 1995. On July 16, 2012, former Google executive Marissa Mayer was named as Yahoo! CEO and President, effective July 17, 2012.[7]
According to ComScore Inc, Yahoo! Inc surpassed Google Inc of US visitors as the number one of web sites for the first time since May 2011 during July 2013 set at 196 million US visitors or increased by 21 percent in a year.[8]
| This article uses citations that link to broken or outdated sources. Please improve the article or discuss this issue on the talk page. Help on using footnotes is available. Consider using the Checklinks tool to find, resolve and repair links. (May 2012) |
In January 1994, Yang and Filo were electrical engineering graduate students at Stanford University when they created a website named "Jerry's guide to the World Wide Web".[9] David and Jerry's Guide to the World Wide Web was a directory of other websites, organized in a hierarchy, as opposed to a searchable index of pages. In March 1994, "David and Jerry's Guide to the World Wide Web" was renamed "Yahoo!"[10][11] The "yahoo.com" domain was created on January 18, 1995.[12]
The word "yahoo" is an acronym for "Yet Another Hierarchical Officious Oracle".[13] The term "hierarchical" described how the Yahoo! database was arranged in layers of subcategories. The term "oracle" was intended to mean "source of truth and wisdom", and the term "officious", rather than being related to the word's normal meaning, described the many office workers who would use the Yahoo! database while surfing from work.[14] However, Filo and Yang insist they mainly selected the name because they liked the slang definition of a "yahoo" (used by college students in David Filo's native Louisiana in the late 1980s and early 1990s to refer to an unsophisticated, rural Southerner): "rude, unsophisticated, uncouth." Filo's college girlfriend often referred to Filo as a "yahoo." This meaning derives from the name of a race of fictional beings from Gulliver's Travels.
Yahoo! grew rapidly throughout the 1990s. Like many search engines and web directories, Yahoo! added a web portal. It also made many high-profile acquisitions. Its stock price skyrocketed during the dot-com bubble, Yahoo! stocks closing at an all-time high of $118.75 a share on January 3, 2000. However, after the dot-com bubble burst, it reached a post-bubble low of $8.11 on September 26, 2001.[15]
In 2000, Yahoo! began using Google for search. Over the next four years, it developed its own search technologies, which it began using in 2004. Yahoo! revamped its mail service to compete with Google's Gmail in 2007. The company struggled through 2008, with several large layoffs.[citation needed]
In February 2008, Microsoft Corporation made an unsolicited bid to acquire Yahoo! for USD $44.6 billion. Yahoo! formally rejected the bid, claiming that it "substantially undervalues" the company and was not in the interest of its shareholders. Three years later, Yahoo! had a market capitalization of USD $22.24 billion.[16] Carol Bartz replaced Yang as CEO in January 2009.[17] In September 2011, she was removed from her position at Yahoo! by the company's chairman Roy Bostock, and CFO Tim Morse was named as Interim CEO of the company.
In early 2012, after the appointment of Scott Thompson as CEO, rumors began to spread about looming layoffs. Several key executives, such as Chief Product Officer Blake Irving left.[18] On April 4, 2012, Yahoo! announced a cut of 2,000 jobs or about 14 percent of its 14,100 workers. The cut is expected to save around $375 million annually after the layoffs are completed at end of 2012.[19] In an email sent to employees in April 2012, Thompson reiterated his view that customers should come first at Yahoo! He also completely reorganized the company.[20]
On May 13, 2012, Yahoo! issued a press release stating that Thompson was no longer with the company, and would immediately be replaced on an interim basis by Ross Levinsohn, recently appointed head of Yahoo!'s new Media group.[20][21][22] Thompson's total compensation for his 130-day tenure with Yahoo! was at least $7.3 million.[23]
On July 16, 2012, Marissa Mayer was appointed President and CEO of Yahoo!, effective the following day.
On May 19, 2013 the Yahoo board approved a US$1.1 billion purchase of blogging site Tumblr, and the company's CEO and founder David Karp will remain a large shareholder. The announcement reportedly signifies a changing trend in the technology industry, as large corporations like Yahoo, Facebook, and Google acquire start-up Internet companies that generate low amounts of revenue as a way in which to connect with sizeable, fast-growing online communities. The Wall Street Journal stated that the purchase of Tumblr would satisfy the company's need for "a thriving social-networking and communications hub."[24][25] On May 20, the company announced the acquisition of Tumblr officially.[26] The company also announced plans to open a San Francisco office in July 2013.[27]
On August 2, 2013 Yahoo Inc announced the acquisition of social web browser concern RockMelt. With the acquisition, RockMelt team, including the concern's CEO Eric Vishria and CTO Tim Howes will be the part of Yahoo team. As a result, all the RockMelt apps and existing web services will go off from August 31.[28]
Data collated by comScore during July 2013 revealed that more people in the U.S. visited Yahoo! websites during the month in comparison to Google websites—the occasion was the first time that Yahoo! outperformed Google since 2011. The data did not incorporate visit statistics for the Yahoo!-owned Tumblr website or mobile phone usage.[29]
Yahoo! operates a portal that provides the latest news, entertainment, and sports information. The portal also gives users access to other Yahoo! services like Yahoo! Mail, Yahoo! Maps, Yahoo! Finance, Yahoo! Groups and Yahoo! Messenger.
| This section's factual accuracy may be compromised due to out-of-date information. Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. (June 2012) |
Working with comScore, The New York Times found that Yahoo! was able to collect far more data about users than its competitors from its websites and advertising network. By one measure, on average Yahoo! had the potential in December 2007 to build a profile of 2,500 records per month about each of its visitors.[30] Yahoo! retains search requests for a period of 13 months. However, in response to European regulators, Yahoo! scrambles the IP address of users after three months by deleting its last eight bits.[31]
On March 29, 2012, Yahoo! announced that it would introduce a "Do Not Track" feature that summer, allowing users to opt out of web-visit tracking and customized ads.[32]
According to a 2008 article in Computerworld, Yahoo! has a 2-petabyte, specially built data warehouse that it uses to analyze the behavior of its half-billion Web visitors per month, processing 24 billion daily events.[33] In contrast, the US Internal Revenue Service (IRS) database of all US taxpayers weighs in at only 150 terabytes.[33]
Yahoo! provides Internet communication services such as Yahoo! Messenger and Yahoo! Mail. As of May 2007, its e-mail service would offer unlimited storage.[34]
Yahoo! provided social networking services and user-generated content, including products such as My Web, Yahoo! Personals, Yahoo! 360°, Delicious, Flickr, and Yahoo! Buzz. Yahoo! closed Yahoo! Buzz, MyBlogLog, and numerous other products on April 21, 2011.[35]
Yahoo! Photos was closed on September 20, 2007, in favor of Flickr. On October 16, 2007, Yahoo! announced that it would discontinue Yahoo! 360°, including bug repairs; the company explained that in 2008 it would instead establish a "universal profile" similar to the Yahoo! Mash experimental system.[36]
Yahoo! partners with numerous content providers in products such as Yahoo! Sports, Yahoo! Finance, Yahoo! Music, Yahoo! Movies, Yahoo! Weather, Yahoo! News, Yahoo! Answers and Yahoo! Games to provide news and related content. Yahoo! provides a personalization service, My Yahoo!, which enables users to combine their favorite Yahoo! features, content feeds and information onto a single page.
On March 31, 2008, Yahoo! launched Shine, a site tailored for women seeking online information and advice between the ages of 25 and 54.[37]
Yahoo! developed partnerships with broadband providers such as AT&T Inc. (via BellSouth & SBC), Verizon Communications, Rogers Communications and British Telecom, offering a range of free and premium Yahoo! content and services to subscribers.[specify][vague][citation needed]
Yahoo! Mobile offers services for email, instant messaging, and mobile blogging, as well as information services, searches and alerts. Services for the camera phone include entertainment and ring tones.
Yahoo! introduced its Internet search system, called OneSearch, for mobile phones on March 20, 2007. The results include news headlines, images from Flickr, business listings, local weather and links to other sites. Instead of showing only, for example, popular movies or some critical reviews, OneSearch lists local theaters that at the moment are playing the movie, along with user ratings and news headlines regarding the movie. A zip code or city name is required for OneSearch to start delivering local search results.
The results of a Web search are listed on a single page and are prioritized into categories.[38]
As of 2012 Yahoo! used Novarra's mobile content transcoding service for OneSearch.[39]
On October 8, 2010, Yahoo! announced plans to brings video chat to mobile phones via Yahoo! Messenger.[40]
Yahoo! offers shopping services such as Yahoo! Shopping, Yahoo! Autos, Yahoo! Real Estate and Yahoo! Travel, which enables users to gather relevant information and make commercial transactions and purchases online. Yahoo! Auctions were discontinued in 2007 except for Asia.[41]
Yahoo! provides business services such as Yahoo! DomainKeys, Yahoo! Web Hosting, Yahoo! Merchant Solutions, Yahoo! Business Email and Yahoo! Store to small business owners and professionals allowing them to build their own online stores using Yahoo!'s tools.[citation needed]
Yahoo! Search Marketing provides services such as Sponsored Search, Local Advertising and Product/Travel/Directory Submit that let different businesses advertise their products and services on the Yahoo! network.
Following the closure of a "beta" version on April 30, 2010, the Yahoo! Publisher Network was relaunched as an advertising tool that allows online publishers to monetize their websites through the use of site-relevant advertisements.[42]
Yahoo! launched its new Internet advertisement sales system on February 5, 2007, called Panama. It allows advertisers to bid for search terms to trigger their ads on search results pages. The system considers bids, ad quality, clickthrough rates and other factors in ranking ads. Through Panama, Yahoo! aims to provide more relevant search results to users, a better overall experience, and to increase monetization.[43]
On April 7, 2008, Yahoo! announced APT from Yahoo!, which was originally called AMP from Yahoo!,[44] an online advertising management platform.[45] The platform simplifies advertising sales by unifying buyer and seller markets. The service was launched in September 2008.[46]
In September 2011, Yahoo! formed an ad selling strategic partnership with 2 of its top competitors, AOL and Microsoft.[47] But by 2013 this was found to be underperforming in market share and revenue, as Microsoft simply skimmed off four percent of the search market from Yahoo, without growing their combined share.[48]
Yahoo! Next is an incubation ground for future Yahoo! technologies currently undergoing testing. It contains forums for Yahoo! users to give feedback to assist in the development of these future Yahoo! technologies.[49]
Yahoo! Search BOSS is a service that allows developers to build search applications based on Yahoo's search technology.[50] Early Partners in the program include Hakia, Me.dium, Delver, Daylife and Yebol.[51]
In early 2011, the program switched to a paid model using a cost-per-query model from $0.40 to $0.75 CPM (cost per 1000 BOSS queries). The price, as Yahoo! explained, depends on whether the query is of web, image, news or other information.[52]
Yahoo! Meme is a beta social service, similar to the popular social networking sites Twitter and Jaiku.
Y!Connect enables individuals to leave comments in online publication boards by using their Yahoo! ID, instead of having to register with individual publications. The Wall Street Journal reported that Yahoo! plans to mimic this strategy used by rival Facebook Inc. to help drive traffic to its site.[53]
Yahoo! has invested resources to increase and improve access to the internet for the disabled community through the Yahoo! Accessibility Lab.[54]
Yahoo! Axis[55] is a desktop web browser extension and mobile browser for iOS devices created and developed by Yahoo! The browser made its public debut on May 23, 2012.[56] A copy of the private key used to sign official Yahoo! browser extensions for Google Chrome was accidentally leaked in the first public release of the Chrome extension.[57]
Yahoo! SearchMonkey (often misspelled Search Monkey) was a Yahoo! service which allowed developers and site owners to use structured data to make Yahoo! Search results more useful and visually appealing, and drive more relevant traffic to their sites. The service was shut down in October 2010 along with other Yahoo! services as part of the Microsoft and Yahoo! search deal. The name SearchMonkey is an homage to Greasemonkey. Officially the product name has no space and two capital letters.
Yahoo! SearchMonkey was selected as one of the top 10 Semantic Web Products of 2008.[58]
Geocities was a popular web hosting service founded in 1995 and was one of the first services to offer web pages to the public. At one point it was the third-most-browsed site on the World Wide Web.[59] Yahoo! purchased GeoCities in 1999 and ten years later the web host was closed, deleting some seven million web pages.[60] A great deal of information was lost but many of those sites and pages were mirrored at the Internet Archive,[61] OOcities.com, and other such databases.[62]
Yahoo! Go, a Java-based phone application with access to most of Yahoo! services, was closed on January 12, 2010.[63]
Yahoo! 360° was a blogging/social networking beta service launched in March 2005 by Yahoo! and closed on July 13, 2009.[64] Yahoo! Mash beta was another social service closed after one year of operation prior to leaving beta status.[65]
Yahoo! Photos was shut down on September 20, 2007, in favor of integration with Flickr. Yahoo! Tech was a website that provided product information and setup advice to users. Yahoo! launched the website in May 2006. On March 11, 2010, Yahoo! closed down the service and redirected users to Yahoo's technology news section.[66] Other discontinued services include Farechase, My Web, Audio Search, Pets, Live, Kickstart, Briefcase, and Yahoo! for Teachers.[67]
Hotjobs was acquired by and merged with Monster.com.
Yahoo! Koprol was an Indonesian geo-tagging website that allowed users to share information about locations without the use of a GPS device. Koprol was acquired by Yahoo! a year following its inception and, in 2011, 1.5 million people were utilizing the website, with users also based in Singapore, the Philippines and Vietnam. However, eighty percent of users were Indonesian.[68] Yahoo! officially discontinued Koprol on August 28, 2012, because it did "not meaningfully drive revenue or engagement".[69]
Yahoo! Mail Classic was announced as to be shut down in April 2013. Yahoo! made a notice that starting in June 2013, Mail Classic and other old versions of Yahoo! Mail will be shut down. All users of Mail Classic are expected to switch to the new Yahoo! Mail, use IMAP, or switch to another email service.[70] In addition, April 2013 brought about the closure of Upcoming, Yahoo Deals, Yahoo SMS Alerts, Yahoo! Kids, Yahoo Mail and Messenger feature phone (J2ME).[71]
In an early July 2013 announcement, the public was made aware of Yahoo!'s scheduled closure of the task management service Astrid. Yahoo! acquired the company in May 2013 and will discontinue the service on August 5, 2013. The team at Astrid has supplied its customers with a data export tool and recommended former competitors such as Wunderlist and Sandglaz.[72][73]
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On December 15, 2010, one day after Yahoo! announced layoffs of 4% of its workers across their portfolio, MyBlogLog founder Eric Marcoullier posted a slide from a Yahoo! employee on Twitter. The slide was visible during an employee-only strategy webcast indicating changes in Yahoo!'s offerings.[74]
The following services were in a column under "Sunset": Yahoo! Picks, AltaVista, MyM, AlltheWeb, Yahoo! Bookmarks, Yahoo! Buzz, del.icio.us, and MyBlogLog. Under the "Merge" column were: Upcoming, FoxyTunes, Yahoo! Events, Yahoo! People Search, Sideline, and FireEagle.
11 other properties were listed that Yahoo! was interested in developing into feature sites within the portal to take the place of the "Sunset" and "Merge" vacancies, including the prior feature services (before the new Yahoo! Mail was launched), were Yahoo! Address Book, Calendar, and Notepad.[75] Despite Notepad being listed as a feature service instead of sunset or merge in 2010, Yahoo! has since taken steps to de-emphasize Notepad. For example, in January 2013, Notepad was no longer linked within the new Yahoo! mail service; although, it continued to be linked in the older Classic version. Also, starting in mid- to late January 2013, Notepad was no longer searchable.[citation needed]
The blog on the del.icio.us website released a post by Chris Yeh after the slide was leaked in which Yeh stated that "Sunset" doesn't necessarily mean that Yahoo! is closing down the site. Yeh further explained that other possibilities—including del.icio.us leaving Yahoo! (through sale or spinoff)—were still being considered: "We can only imagine how upsetting the news coverage over the past 24 hours has been to many of you. Speaking for our team, we were very disappointed by the way that this appeared in the press."[76] On April 27, 2011, Yahoo!'s sale of del.icio.us to Avos was announced.[77]
Yahoo! Buzz was closed down on April 21, 2011 without an official announcement from Yahoo![78] MyBlogLog was then discontinued by Yahoo! on May 24, 2011.[79]
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About 88% of revenues for the fiscal year 2009 came from marketing services.[citation needed] The largest segment of it was from search advertising, where advertisers bid for search terms to display their ads on the search results; on average Yahoo! makes 2.5 cents to 3 cents from each search.
Other forms of advertising that bring in revenue for Yahoo! include display[citation needed] and contextual advertising, with the latter providing the basis for the "Keystone" initiative (developed by Yahoo! to develop an "ad selection technology for direct and online marketers to place non-guaranteed advertisements on publisher sites.")[80]
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In 2000, Yahoo! was taken to court in France by parties seeking to prevent French citizens from purchasing memorabilia relating to the Nazi Party.[81] In March 2004, Yahoo! launched a paid inclusion program whereby commercial websites were guaranteed listings on the Yahoo! search engine.[82] Yahoo! discontinued the program at the end of 2009.[83] Yahoo! was criticized for providing ads via the Yahoo! ad network to companies who display them through spyware and adware.[84][85]
Yahoo!, as well as other search engines, cooperated with the Chinese government in censoring search results. In April 2005, dissident Shi Tao was sentenced to 10 years in prison for "providing state secrets to foreign entities"[86] as a result of being identified by IP address by Yahoo![87] The extent of Yahoo!'s foreknowledge of Shi's fate was disputed by the company's General Counsel and human rights organizations.[88] Human rights groups also accuse Yahoo! of aiding authorities in the arrest of dissidents Li Zhi and Jiang Lijun.
In September 2003, dissident Wang Xiaoning was convicted of charges of "incitement to subvert state power" and was sentenced to ten years in prison. Yahoo! Hong Kong connected Wang's group to a specific Yahoo! e-mail address.[89] Both Xiaoning's wife and the World Organization for Human Rights[90] sued Yahoo! under human rights laws on behalf of Wang and Shi.[91]
As a result of media scrutiny relating to Internet child predators and a lack of significant ad revenues, Yahoo!'s "user created" chatrooms were closed down in June 2005.[92] On May 25, 2006, Yahoo!'s image search was criticized for bringing up sexually explicit images even when SafeSearch was active.[93] Yahoo! is a 40% owner of Alibaba Group, which was a subject of controversy for allowing the sale of shark-derived products. The company banned the sale of shark fin products on all its e-commerce platforms effective January 1, 2009. On November 30, 2009, Yahoo! was criticized by the Electronic Frontier Foundation for sending a DMCA notice to whistle-blower website "Cryptome" for publicly posting details, prices, and procedures[94] on obtaining private information pertaining to Yahoo!'s subscribers.[95]
After some concerns over censorship of private emails regarding a website affiliated with Occupy Wall Street protests were raised,[96][97] Yahoo! responded with an apology and explained it as an accident.[98]
Adobe and Yahoo! appear to have been among the targets of cyber attacks originating in China now known as Operation Aurora.[99]
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| Year | 2003 | 2004 | 2005 | 2006 | 2007 | 2008 | 2009 | 2010 | 2011 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sales | 1,625 | 3,574 | 5,258 | 6,426 | 6,969 | 7,208 | 6,460 | 6,324 | 4,984 |
| EBITDA | 453 | 1,000 | 1,505 | 1,066 | |||||
| Net Results | 238 | 840 | 1,896 | 751 | 660 | 424 | 597 | 1,231 | |
| Staff | 5,500 | 7,600 | 9,800 | 11,400 | 13,900 | 13,200 | 14,100 |
As of January 2010, Yahoo! held the world's largest market share in online display advertising. JP Morgan put the company's US market share for display ads at 17%, well ahead of No. 2 Microsoft at 11% and AOL at 7%.[101] In 2011, Yahoo lost the top spot to Facebook.[102][103]
[104] [105] [106] [107]
Yahoo! offers a multi-lingual interface. The site is available in over 20 languages. The official directory for all of the Yahoo! International sites is world.yahoo.com. The company's international sites are wholly owned by Yahoo!, with the exception of its Japan and China sites.
Yahoo! holds a 34.75% minority stake in Yahoo! Japan, while SoftBank holds 35.45%,[110] Yahoo!Xtra in New Zealand, which Yahoo!7 have 51% of and 49% belongs to Telecom New Zealand, and Yahoo!7 in Australia, which is a 50–50 agreement between Yahoo! and the Seven Network. Historically, Yahoo! entered into joint venture agreements with SoftBank for the major European sites (UK, France and Germany) and well as South Korea and Japan. In November 2005, Yahoo! purchased the minority interests that SoftBank owned in Europe and Korea.
Yahoo! used to hold a 40% stake in Alibaba, which manages a web portal in China using the Yahoo! brand name. Yahoo! in the USA does not have direct control over Alibaba, which operates as a completely independent company. On Sept 18, 2012, following years of negotiations, Yahoo! agreed to sell a 20% stake back to Alibaba for $7.6 billion.[111]
On March 8, 2011 Yahoo! launched its Romania local service after years of delay due to the financial crisis.[112][113][114][115][116]
Yahoo! officially entered the MENA region when it acquired Maktoob, a pan-regional, Arabic-language hosting and social services online portal, on August 25, 2009.[117] Since the service is pan-regional, Yahoo! officially became Yahoo! Maktoob in the region.
On December 31, 2012, Yahoo! Korea shut down all its services and left the country, with its previous domain saying in Korean, "Starting from December 31, 2012, Yahoo! Korea has ended. You can go to the original Yahoo! for more Yahoo's information."[citation needed]
The first logo appeared when the company was founded in 1995—it was red with three icons on each side.[118] The logo used on the Yahoo! home page formerly consisted of the color red with a black outline and shadow; however, in May 2009, together with a theme redesign, the logo was changed to purple without an outline or shadow. This change also applied to several international Yahoo! home pages. In some countries, most notably Yahoo!7 (of Australia), the logo remains red.[citation needed] On occasion the logo is abbreviated: "Y!".[119]
On August 7, 2013, at around midnight EDT, Yahoo! announced that the final version of the new logo will be revealed on September 5, 2013 at 4:00 a.m. UTC. In the period leading up to the unveiling of the new logo, the "30 Days of Change" campaign was introduced, whereby a variation of the logo was published every day for the 30 days following the announcement.[120][121]
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