出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア(Wikipedia)』「2014/08/12 03:35:10」(JST)
Naturally occurring xenon (Xe) is made of eight stable isotopes and one very long lived isotope. (124Xe, 126Xe, and 134Xe are predicted to undergo double beta decay,[citation needed] but this has never been observed in these isotopes, so they are considered to be stable.)[1][dead link][2][not in citation given] Xenon has the second highest number of stable isotopes. Only tin, with 10 stable isotopes, has more.[3] Beyond these stable forms, there are over 30 unstable isotopes and isomers that have been studied, the longest-lived of which is 136Xe which undergoes double beta decay with a half-life of 2.165 ± 0.016(stat) ± 0.059(sys) ×1021 years[4] with the next longest lived being 127Xe with a half-life of 36.345 days. Of known isomers, the longest-lived is 131mXe with a half-life of 11.934 days. 129Xe is produced by beta decay of 129I (half-life: 16 million years); 131mXe, 133Xe, 133mXe, and 135Xe are some of the fission products of both 235U and 239Pu, and therefore used as indicators of nuclear explosions.
The artificial isotope 135Xe is of considerable significance in the operation of nuclear fission reactors. 135Xe has a huge cross section for thermal neutrons, 2.65×106 barns, so it acts as a neutron absorber or "poison" that can slow or stop the chain reaction after a period of operation. This was discovered in the earliest nuclear reactors built by the American Manhattan Project for plutonium production. Fortunately the designers had made provisions in the design to increase the reactor's reactivity (the number of neutrons per fission that go on to fission other atoms of nuclear fuel).
Relatively high concentrations of radioactive xenon isotopes are also found emanating from nuclear reactors due to the release of this fission gas from cracked fuel rods or fissioning of uranium in cooling water. The concentrations of these isotopes are still usually low compared to the naturally occurring radioactive noble gas 222Rn.
Because xenon is a tracer for two parent isotopes, Xe isotope ratios in meteorites are a powerful tool for studying the formation of the solar system. The I-Xe method of dating gives the time elapsed between nucleosynthesis and the condensation of a solid object from the solar nebula (Xenon being a gas, only that part of it which formed after condensation will be present inside the object). Xenon isotopes are also a powerful tool for understanding terrestrial differentiation. Excess 129Xe found in carbon dioxide well gases from New Mexico was believed to be from the decay of mantle-derived gases soon after Earth's formation.[5]
Standard atomic mass: 131.293(6) u
All other isotopes have half-lives less than 12 days, most less than 20 hours. The shortest-lived isotope is 148Xe with a half-life of 408 ns. Its 41 isotopes have mass numbers ranging from 108 to 148.
108Xe (disc. 2011) is the second heaviest nuclide with equal numbers of protons and neutrons, after 112Ba.
Isotopes of xenon
Full table
|
|
---|---|
General | |
Name, symbol | Isotopes of xenon,133Xe |
Neutrons | 79 |
Protons | 54 |
Nuclide data | |
Natural abundance | syn |
Half-life | 5.243 d (1) |
Decay products | 133Cs |
Isotope mass | 132.9059107 u |
Spin | 3/2+ |
Decay mode | Decay energy |
Beta− | 0.427 MeV |
Xenon-133 (sold as a drug under the brand name Xeneisol, ATC code V09EX03) is an isotope of xenon. It is a radionuclide that was inhaled to assess pulmonary function, and to image the lungs,.[6] It is also used to image blood flow, particularly in the brain.[7] 133Xe is also an important fission product.[citation needed]
Xenon-135 is a radioactive isotope of xenon, produced as a fission product of uranium. It has a half-life of about 9.2 hours and is the most powerful known neutron-absorbing nuclear poison (having a neutron absorption cross-section of 2 million barns[8]). The overall yield of xenon-135 from fission is 6.3%, though most of this results from the radioactive decay of fission-produced tellurium-135 and iodine-135. Xe-135 exerts a significant effect on nuclear reactor operation (xenon pit).
Xenon-136 is an isotope of xenon that undergoes double beta decay to Barium-136 with a very long half life of 2.11×1021 years.
nuclide symbol |
Z(p) | N(n) | isotopic mass (u) |
half-life | decay mode(s)[9][n 1] |
daughter isotope(s)[n 2] |
nuclear spin |
representative isotopic |
range of natural variation |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
excitation energy | |||||||||
110Xe | 54 | 56 | 109.94428(14) | 310(190) ms [105(+35-25) ms] |
β+ | 110I | 0+ | ||
α | 106Te | ||||||||
111Xe | 54 | 57 | 110.94160(33)# | 740(200) ms | β+ (90%) | 111I | 5/2+# | ||
α (10%) | 107Te | ||||||||
112Xe | 54 | 58 | 111.93562(11) | 2.7(8) s | β+ (99.1%) | 112I | 0+ | ||
α (.9%) | 108Te | ||||||||
113Xe | 54 | 59 | 112.93334(9) | 2.74(8) s | β+ (92.98%) | 113I | (5/2+)# | ||
β+, p (7%) | 112Te | ||||||||
α (.011%) | 109Te | ||||||||
β+, α (.007%) | 109Sb | ||||||||
114Xe | 54 | 60 | 113.927980(12) | 10.0(4) s | β+ | 114I | 0+ | ||
115Xe | 54 | 61 | 114.926294(13) | 18(4) s | β+ (99.65%) | 115I | (5/2+) | ||
β+, p (.34%) | 114Te | ||||||||
β+, α (3×10−4%) | 111Sb | ||||||||
116Xe | 54 | 62 | 115.921581(14) | 59(2) s | β+ | 116I | 0+ | ||
117Xe | 54 | 63 | 116.920359(11) | 61(2) s | β+ (99.99%) | 117I | 5/2(+) | ||
β+, p (.0029%) | 116Te | ||||||||
118Xe | 54 | 64 | 117.916179(11) | 3.8(9) min | β+ | 118I | 0+ | ||
119Xe | 54 | 65 | 118.915411(11) | 5.8(3) min | β+ | 119I | 5/2(+) | ||
120Xe | 54 | 66 | 119.911784(13) | 40(1) min | β+ | 120I | 0+ | ||
121Xe | 54 | 67 | 120.911462(12) | 40.1(20) min | β+ | 121I | (5/2+) | ||
122Xe | 54 | 68 | 121.908368(12) | 20.1(1) h | β+ | 122I | 0+ | ||
123Xe | 54 | 69 | 122.908482(10) | 2.08(2) h | EC | 123I | 1/2+ | ||
123mXe | 185.18(22) keV | 5.49(26) µs | 7/2(-) | ||||||
124Xe | 54 | 70 | 123.905893(2) | Observationally Stable[n 3] | 0+ | 9.52(3)×10−4 | |||
125Xe | 54 | 71 | 124.9063955(20) | 16.9(2) h | β+ | 125I | 1/2(+) | ||
125m1Xe | 252.60(14) keV | 56.9(9) s | IT | 125Xe | 9/2(-) | ||||
125m2Xe | 295.86(15) keV | 0.14(3) µs | 7/2(+) | ||||||
126Xe | 54 | 72 | 125.904274(7) | Observationally Stable[n 4] | 0+ | 8.90(2)×10−4 | |||
127Xe | 54 | 73 | 126.905184(4) | 36.345(3) d | EC | 127I | 1/2+ | ||
127mXe | 297.10(8) keV | 69.2(9) s | IT | 127Xe | 9/2- | ||||
128Xe | 54 | 74 | 127.9035313(15) | Stable[n 5] | 0+ | 0.019102(8) | |||
129Xe[n 6] | 54 | 75 | 128.9047794(8) | Stable[n 5] | 1/2+ | 0.264006(82) | |||
129mXe | 236.14(3) keV | 8.88(2) d | IT | 129Xe | 11/2- | ||||
130Xe | 54 | 76 | 129.9035080(8) | Stable[n 5] | 0+ | 0.040710(13) | |||
131Xe[n 7] | 54 | 77 | 130.9050824(10) | Stable[n 5] | 3/2+ | 0.212324(30) | |||
131mXe | 163.930(8) keV | 11.934(21) d | IT | 131Xe | 11/2- | ||||
132Xe[n 7] | 54 | 78 | 131.9041535(10) | Stable[n 5] | 0+ | 0.269086(33) | |||
132mXe | 2752.27(17) keV | 8.39(11) ms | IT | 132Xe | (10+) | ||||
133Xe[n 7][n 8] | 54 | 79 | 132.9059107(26) | 5.2475(5) d | β- | 133Cs | 3/2+ | ||
133mXe | 233.221(18) keV | 2.19(1) d | IT | 133Xe | 11/2- | ||||
134Xe[n 7] | 54 | 80 | 133.9053945(9) | Observationally Stable [n 9] | 0+ | 0.104357(21) | |||
134m1Xe | 1965.5(5) keV | 290(17) ms | IT | 134Xe | 7- | ||||
134m2Xe | 3025.2(15) keV | 5(1) µs | (10+) | ||||||
135Xe[n 10] | 54 | 81 | 134.907227(5) | 9.14(2) h | β- | 135Cs | 3/2+ | ||
135mXe | 526.551(13) keV | 15.29(5) min | IT (99.99%) | 135Xe | 11/2- | ||||
β- (.004%) | 135Cs | ||||||||
136Xe[n 11] | 54 | 82 | 135.907219(8) | 2.165(0.016 (stat), 0.059 (sys))×1021 yr[4] | β-β- | 136Ba | 0+ | 0.088573(44) | |
136mXe | 1891.703(14) keV | 2.95(9) µs | 6+ | ||||||
137Xe | 54 | 83 | 136.911562(8) | 3.818(13) min | β- | 137Cs | 7/2- | ||
138Xe | 54 | 84 | 137.91395(5) | 14.08(8) min | β- | 138Cs | 0+ | ||
139Xe | 54 | 85 | 138.918793(22) | 39.68(14) s | β- | 139Cs | 3/2- | ||
140Xe | 54 | 86 | 139.92164(7) | 13.60(10) s | β- | 140Cs | 0+ | ||
141Xe | 54 | 87 | 140.92665(10) | 1.73(1) s | β- (99.45%) | 141Cs | 5/2(-#) | ||
β-, n (.043%) | 140Cs | ||||||||
142Xe | 54 | 88 | 141.92971(11) | 1.22(2) s | β- (99.59%) | 142Cs | 0+ | ||
β-, n (.41%) | 141Cs | ||||||||
143Xe | 54 | 89 | 142.93511(21)# | 0.511(6) s | β- | 143Cs | 5/2- | ||
144Xe | 54 | 90 | 143.93851(32)# | 0.388(7) s | β- | 144Cs | 0+ | ||
β-, n | 143Cs | ||||||||
145Xe | 54 | 91 | 144.94407(32)# | 188(4) ms | β- | 145Cs | (3/2-)# | ||
146Xe | 54 | 92 | 145.94775(43)# | 146(6) ms | β- | 146Cs | 0+ | ||
147Xe | 54 | 93 | 146.95356(43)# | 130(80) ms [0.10(+10-5) s] |
β- | 147Cs | 3/2-# | ||
β-, n | 146Cs |
Isotopes of iodine | Isotopes of xenon | Isotopes of caesium |
Table of nuclides |
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---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 H |
2 He |
||||||||||||||||
3 Li |
4 Be |
5 B |
6 C |
7 N |
8 O |
9 F |
10 Ne |
||||||||||
11 Na |
12 Mg |
13 Al |
14 Si |
15 P |
16 S |
17 Cl |
18 Ar |
||||||||||
19 K |
20 Ca |
21 Sc |
22 Ti |
23 V |
24 Cr |
25 Mn |
26 Fe |
27 Co |
28 Ni |
29 Cu |
30 Zn |
31 Ga |
32 Ge |
33 As |
34 Se |
35 Br |
36 Kr |
37 Rb |
38 Sr |
39 Y |
40 Zr |
41 Nb |
42 Mo |
43 Tc |
44 Ru |
45 Rh |
46 Pd |
47 Ag |
48 Cd |
49 In |
50 Sn |
51 Sb |
52 Te |
53 I |
54 Xe |
55 Cs |
56 Ba |
72 Hf |
73 Ta |
74 W |
75 Re |
76 Os |
77 Ir |
78 Pt |
79 Au |
80 Hg |
81 Tl |
82 Pb |
83 Bi |
84 Po |
85 At |
86 Rn |
|
87 Fr |
88 Ra |
104 Rf |
105 Db |
106 Sg |
107 Bh |
108 Hs |
109 Mt |
110 Ds |
111 Rg |
112 Cn |
113 Uut |
114 Fl |
115 Uup |
116 Lv |
117 Uus |
118 Uuo |
|
57 La |
58 Ce |
59 Pr |
60 Nd |
61 Pm |
62 Sm |
63 Eu |
64 Gd |
65 Tb |
66 Dy |
67 Ho |
68 Er |
69 Tm |
70 Yb |
71 Lu |
|||
89 Ac |
90 Th |
91 Pa |
92 U |
93 Np |
94 Pu |
95 Am |
96 Cm |
97 Bk |
98 Cf |
99 Es |
100 Fm |
101 Md |
102 No |
103 Lr |
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リンク元 | 「キセノン133」 |
関連記事 | 「xeno」「xenon」 |
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