WordNet

crystalline oxidation product of the metabolism of nucleoproteins; precursor of uric acid; found in many organs and in urine

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2014/07/18 21:26:24」(JST)

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Xanthine dehydrogenase, also known as XDH, is a protein that, in humans, is encoded by the XDH gene.^[1]^[2]

Function

Xanthine dehydrogenase belongs to the group of molybdenum-containing hydroxylases involved in the oxidative metabolism of purines. The enzyme is a homodimer. Xanthine dehydrogenase can be converted to xanthine oxidase by reversible sulfhydryl oxidation or by irreversible proteolytic modification.^[1]

Xanthine dehydrogenase catalyzes the following chemical reaction:

xanthine + NAD⁺ + H₂O urate + NADH + H⁺

The three substrates of this enzyme are xanthine, NAD⁺, and H₂O, whereas its three products are urate, NADH, and H⁺.

This enzyme participates in purine metabolism.

Nomenclature

This enzyme belongs to the family of oxidoreductases, to be specific, those acting on CH or CH₂ groups with NAD⁺ or NADP⁺ as acceptor. The systematic name of this enzyme class is xanthine:NAD⁺ oxidoreductase. Other names in common use include NAD⁺-xanthine dehydrogenase, xanthine-NAD⁺ oxidoreductase, xanthine/NAD⁺ oxidoreductase, and xanthine oxidoreductase.

Clinical significance

Defects in xanthine dehydrogenase cause xanthinuria, may contribute to adult respiratory stress syndrome, and may potentiate influenza infection through an oxygen metabolite-dependent mechanism.^[1]

References

^ ^a ^b ^c "Entrez Gene: XDH xanthine dehydrogenase". Retrieved October 25, 2012.
^ Ichida K, Amaya Y, Noda K, Minoshima S, Hosoya T, Sakai O, Shimizu N, Nishino T (November 1993). "Cloning of the cDNA encoding human xanthine dehydrogenase (oxidase): structural analysis of the protein and chromosomal location of the gene". Gene 133 (2): 279–84. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(93)90652-J. PMID 8224915.

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

Identification of a xanthinuria type I case with mutations of xanthine dehydrogenase in an Afghan child.

Nakamura M, Yuichiro Y, Sass JO, Tomohiro M, Schwab KO, Takeshi N, Tatsuo H, Ichida K.SourceDepartment of Pathophysiology, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Sciences, 1432-1 Horinouchi, Hachiouji-shi, Tokyo 192-0392, Japan.
Clinica chimica acta; international journal of clinical chemistry.Clin Chim Acta.2012 Dec 24;414:158-60. doi: 10.1016/j.cca.2012.08.011. Epub 2012 Aug 17.
Xanthinuria due to xanthine dehydrogenase (XDH) deficiency is a rare genetic disorder characterized by hypouricemia and the accumulation of xanthine in the urine. We have identified an Afghan girl whose xanthinuria could be classified as type I xanthinuria based on an allopurinol loading test. Three
PMID 22981351

Japanese Journal

Annual change in plasma xanthine oxidoreductase activity is associated with changes in liver enzymes and body weight

Furuhashi Masato,Saitoh Shigeyuki,Shimamoto Kazuaki,Miura Tetsuji,Koyama Masayuki,Matsumoto Megumi,Murase Takayo,Nakamura Takashi,Higashiura Yukimura,Tanaka Marenao,Moniwa Norihito,Ohnishi Hirofumi
Endocrine Journal, 2019
… Xanthine oxidoreductase (XOR), an enzyme of uric acid formation from hypoxanthine and xanthine, is recognized as a source of oxidative stress. …
NAID 130007653209

植物のプリン分解:─最近の進展と見えてきたストレス適応における役割

渡邊俊介,坂本敦
植物の生長調節 53(2), 116-123, 2018
… Notably, recent forward and reverse genetic studies have revealed the emerging role in stress tolerance, highlighting xanthine dehydrogenase as a modulator of reactive oxygen species homeostasis and the intermediate allantoin as a stress protectant. …
NAID 130007553697

In vitro enhancement of ATP in human erythrocytes from a healthy subject and two patients with thalassemia and hemoglobinopathy.

Kamatani Naoyuki,Furihata Kenichi,Taniguchi Atsuo,Fukuuchi Tomoko,Yamaoka Noriko,Kaneko Kiyoko,Kanno Hitoshi
痛風と核酸代謝 42(1), 59-64, 2018
Objective: To examine whether the supplementation of inosine augments ATP in vitro in human erythrocytes incubated in saline.Methods: …
NAID 130007419211

「キサンチン脱水素酵素」

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xanthine dehydrogenase
Identifiers
EC number	1.17.1.4
CAS number	9054-84-6
Databases
IntEnz	IntEnz view
BRENDA	BRENDA entry
ExPASy	NiceZyme view
KEGG	KEGG entry
MetaCyc	metabolic pathway
PRIAM	profile
PDB structures	RCSB PDB PDBe PDBsum
Gene Ontology	AmiGO / EGO
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PMC	articles
PubMed	articles
NCBI	proteins

Xanthine dehydrogenase
	; PDB rendering based on 1fiq.
Available structures
PDB	Ortholog search: PDBe, RCSB
List of PDB id codes
	2CKJ, 2E1Q
Identifiers
Symbols	XDH ; XO; XOR
External IDs	OMIM: 607633 MGI: 98973 HomoloGene: 324 ChEMBL: 1929 GeneCards: XDH Gene
EC number	1.17.1.4, 1.17.3.2
Gene ontology
Molecular function	• xanthine dehydrogenase activity; • xanthine oxidase activity; • iron ion binding; • UDP-N-acetylmuramate dehydrogenase activity; • electron carrier activity; • protein homodimerization activity; • molybdopterin cofactor binding; • flavin adenine dinucleotide binding; • 2 iron, 2 sulfur cluster binding;
Cellular component	• extracellular region; • peroxisome; • cytosol;
Biological process	• negative regulation of protein phosphorylation; • negative regulation of endothelial cell proliferation; • purine nucleobase metabolic process; • purine nucleotide catabolic process; • activation of cysteine-type endopeptidase activity involved in apoptotic process; • lactation; • xanthine catabolic process; • negative regulation of gene expression; • small molecule metabolic process; • negative regulation of endothelial cell differentiation; • negative regulation of protein kinase B signaling cascade; • nucleobase-containing small molecule metabolic process; • positive regulation of p38MAPK cascade; • negative regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor signaling pathway; • positive regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolic process; • negative regulation of vasculogenesis;
	Sources: Amigo / QuickGO
RNA expression pattern
	More reference expression data
Orthologs
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