windpipe

　

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1. 気管

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2015/07/19 07:26:18」(JST)

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For the genus of moth, see Trachea (moth).

Trachea
Conducting passages.
Details
Artery	tracheal branches of inferior thyroid artery
Vein	brachiocephalic vein, azygos vein accessory hemiazygos vein
Identifiers
Gray's	p.1084
MeSH	A04.889
Anatomical terminology

The trachea, colloquially called windpipe, is a tube that connects the pharynx and larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in all air-breathing animals with lungs. Only in the lungfish, where the lung is connected to the pharynx and the larynx, it is absent. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary bronchi. At the top of the trachea the cricoid cartilage attaches it to the larynx. This is the only complete ring, the others being incomplete rings of reinforcing cartilage. The trachealis muscle joins the ends of the rings and these are joined vertically by bands of fibrous connective tissue, the annular ligaments of trachea. The epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing.

The trachea develops in the second month of development. It is lined with an epithelium that has goblet cells which produce protective mucins. An inflammatory condition, also involving the larynx and bronchi, called croup can result in a barking cough. A tracheotomy is often performed for ventilation in surgical operations where needed. Intubation is also carried out for the same reason by the inserting of a tube into the trachea. From 2008, successful operations have transplanted a windpipe grown by stem cells, and synthetic windpipes.

Structure

In humans, the trachea passes ventrally to the esophagus, dorsally to the ascending aortic arch, but the left main bronchus from the trachea, passes ventrally to the descending aortic arch.

The human trachea has an inner diameter of about 25 millimetres (1 in) and a length of about 10 to 16 centimetres (4 to 6 in). It commences at the lower border of the larynx, level with the sixth cervical vertebra, and bifurcates into the primary bronchi at the vertebral level of thoracic vertebra T5, or up to two vertebrae lower or higher, depending on breathing. A ring of hyaline cartilage called the cricoid cartilage forms the inferior wall of the larynx and is attached to the top of the trachea. The cricoid cartilage is the only complete ring of cartilage in the trachea.

There are from fifteen to twenty incomplete C-shaped tracheal rings of cartilage that reinforce the front and sides of the trachea to protect and maintain the airway. This leaves a membranous wall (pars membranacea) at the back, without cartilage. The trachealis muscle connects the ends of the incomplete rings and contracts during coughing, reducing the size of the lumen of the trachea to increase the rate of air flow. The esophagus lies posteriorly to the trachea. Circular bands of fibrous connective tissue called the annular ligaments of trachea join the tracheal rings together. The cartilaginous rings are incomplete to allow the trachea to collapse slightly so that food can pass down the esophagus. A flap-like epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing to prevent swallowed matter from entering the trachea.

Variations

Tracheal agenesis, is a rare birth defect in which the trachea fails to develop. The defect is usually fatal though sometimes surgical intervention has been successful.

A tracheoesophageal fistula is a congenital defect in which the trachea and esophagus are abnormally connected.

Development

In the fourth week of embryogenesis as the respiratory bud grows, the trachea separates from the foregut through the formation of tracheoesophageal ridges which fuse to form the tracheoesophageal septum and this separates the future trachea from the oesophagus and divides the foregut tube into the laryngotracheal tube. Before the end of the fifth week, the trachea begins to develop from the laryngotracheal tube which develops from the laryngotracheal groove. The first part of the cephalic region of the tube forms the larynx, and the next part forms the trachea.

Histology

10 X Photograph of a histological sample of a human trachea coloured with hematoxylin and eosin stain

Cross-section

The trachea is lined with a layer of pseudostratified columnar epithelium, a type of epithelium. The epithelium contains goblet cells, which are glandular, modified simple columnar epithelial cells that produce mucins, the main component of mucus. Mucus helps to moisten and protect the airways. Mucus lines the ciliated cells of the trachea to trap inhaled foreign particles that the cilia then waft upward toward the larynx and then the pharynx where it can be either swallowed into the stomach or expelled as phlegm.

Clinical significance

Inflammation

Inflammation of the trachea is known as tracheitis. When the trachea is inflamed as well as the larynx and bronchi, this is known as croup, which often causes a distinct, barking cough.

Intubation

Tracheal intubation refers to the insertion of a tracheal tube down the trachea. This procedure is commonly performed during surgery, in order to ensure a person receives enough oxygen when sedated. The tube inserted down the trachea is connected to a machine that monitors the airflow, oxygenation and several other metrics. This is often one of the responsibilities of an anesthetist during surgery.

In an emergency, or when tracheal intubation is deemed impossible, a tracheotomy is often performed to insert a tube for ventilation, usually when needed for particular types of surgery to be carried out so that the airway is kept open for sufficient time. Another less invasive method is used when a procedure can be carried out more quickly, or in an emergency situation, and this is a cricothyrotomy.

Other

• Asphyxia
• Tracheomalacia (weakening of the tracheal cartilage)
  • Tracheal collapse (in dogs)
• Tracheobronchial injury (perforation of the trachea or bronchi)
• Mounier-Kuhn syndrome (an abnormal enlargement of the trachea)

Other animals

Allowing for variations in the length of the neck, the trachea in other mammals is, in general, similar to that in humans. Generally, it is also similar to the reptilian trachea.

Vertebrates

In birds, the trachea runs from the pharynx to the syrinx, from which the primary bronchi diverge. Swans have an unusually elongated trachea, part of which is coiled beneath the sternum; this may act as a resonator to amplify sound. In some birds, the tracheal rings are complete, and may even be ossified.

In amphibians, the trachea is normally extremely short, and leads directly into the lungs, without clear primary bronchi. A longer trachea is, however, found in some long-necked salamanders, and in caecilians. While there are irregular cartilagenous nodules on the amphibian trachea, these do not form the rings found in amniotes.

The only vertebrate to have lungs, but no trachea, is Polypterus, in which the lungs arise directly from the pharynx.

Invertebrates

Tracheal system of dissected cockroach. The largest tracheae run across the width of the body of the cockroach and are horizontal in this image. Scale bar, 2 mm.

The tracheal system branches into progressively smaller tubes, here supplying the crop of the cockroach. Scale bar, 2 mm.

The invertebrate trachea refers to the open respiratory system composed of spiracles, tracheae, and tracheoles that terrestrial arthropods have to transport metabolic gases to and from tissues. The distribution of spiracles can vary greatly among the many orders of insects, but in general each segment of the body can have only one pair of spiracles, each of which connects to an atrium and has a relatively large tracheal tube behind it. The tracheae are invaginations of the cuticular exoskeleton that branch (anastomose) throughout the body with diameters from only a few micrometres up to 0.8 mm. The smallest tubes, tracheoles, penetrate cells and serve as sites of diffusion for water, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. Gas may be conducted through the respiratory system by means of active ventilation or passive diffusion. Unlike vertebrates, insects do not generally carry oxygen in their haemolymph. This is one of the factors that may limit their size.

A tracheal tube may contain ridge-like circumferential rings of taenidia in various geometries such as loops or helices. In the head, thorax, or abdomen, tracheae may also be connected to air sacs. Many insects, such as grasshoppers and bees, which actively pump the air sacs in their abdomen, are able to control the flow of air through their body. In some aquatic insects, the tracheae exchange gas through the body wall directly, in the form of a gill, or function essentially as normal, via a plastron. Note that despite being internal, the tracheae of arthropods are shed during moulting (ecdysis).

History

In 2008, a Colombian woman received a trachea transplant using her own stem cells so her body would not reject the transplant. In June 2011, a team of surgeons led by Professor Paolo Macchiarini at the Karolinska University Hospital performed the first synthetic windpipe transplant on a 36-year-old Eritrean man, Andemariam Teklesenbet Beyene.

Additional images

• Trachea.

• Front view of heart and lungs.

• The tracheobronchial lymph glands.

• Coronal section of larynx and upper part of trachea.

• Muscles of larynx. Side view. Right lamina of thyroid cartilage removed.

• The position and relation of the esophagus in the cervical region and in the posterior mediastinum. Seen from behind.

• Microscopic cross section of human trachea.

• Transverse section of trachea.

• Section of the neck at about the level of the sixth cervical vertebra.

• Sagittal section of nose mouth, pharynx, and larynx.

• Laryngoscopic view of interior of larynx. (Trachea labeled at bottom.)

References

Ligaments

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Bacteriological and pathological studies of egg peritonitis in commercial layer chicken in Namakkal area.

• Srinivasan P, Balasubramaniam GA, Murthy TR, Balachandran P.SourceDepartment of Veterinary Pathology, Veterinary College and Research Institute, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu State, India. Electronic address: srinipat2004@yahoo.com.
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• OBJECTIVE: To detect the various bacteriological agents and pathological changes in commercial layer chicken affected with egg yolk peritonitis in Namakkal region of India.METHODS: A total of 6 572 layer chicken from 85 commercial farms were subjected for the study, out of which 1 715 showed various
• PMID 24093792

• Contributions of the S2 spike ectodomain to attachment and host range of infectious bronchitis virus.

• Promkuntod N, Wickramasinghe IN, de Vrieze G, Gröne A, Verheije MH.SourcePathology Division, Department of Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Utrecht University, Yalelaan 1, 3584 CL Utrecht, The Netherlands.
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• The spike protein is the major viral attachment protein of the avian coronavirus infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) and ultimately determines viral tropism. The S1 subunit of the spike is assumed to be required for virus attachment. However, we have previously shown that this domain of the embryo- an
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• Simvastatin treatment showed no prophylactic effect in influenza virus-infected mice.

• Glück B, Schmidtke M, Walther M, Meerbach A, Wutzler P.SourceInstitute of Virology and Antiviral Therapy, Jena University Hospital - Friedrich Schiller University Jena, Jena, Germany. Brigitte.Glueck@med.uni-jena.de
• Journal of medical virology.J Med Virol.2013 Nov;85(11):1978-82. doi: 10.1002/jmv.23682. Epub 2013 Aug 7.
• Simvastatin, a cholesterol-lowering drug, is reported to have immunomodulatory properties that attenuated acute lung injury independent of their major lipid lowering effects. Based on these reports, simvastatin is expected to be used for influenza prophylaxis and treatment. The present study evaluat
• PMID 23926054

Japanese Journal

• 気道確保に注意を要した小児巨大喉頭乳頭腫の1例

• 日本臨床麻酔学会誌 = The Journal of Japan Society for Clinical Anesthesia 32(5), 791-794, 2012-09-15
• NAID 10031074267

• 2. 治りやすい喘息と治りにくい喘息について

• 日本鍼灸治療学会誌 28(2), 5-9,64, 1979
• NAID 130004128579

• 乳幼児呼吸同期X線撮影法

• 日本放射線技術學會雜誌 24(4), 297-303, 1968-12-31
• NAID 110003448151

Related Links

• windpipeの意味 - goo辞書 英和和英

windpipeとは。意味や和訳。[名詞] (空気呼吸をする脊椎せきつい動物の)気管(trachea).[語源]1530 - 80万項目以上収録、例文・コロケーションが豊富な無料英和和英辞典。

• Windpipe - definition of windpipe by The Free Dictionary

wind·pipe (wĭnd′pīp′) n. See trachea. windpipe (ˈwɪndˌpaɪp) n (Anatomy) a nontechnical name for trachea 1 wind•pipe (ˈwɪndˌpaɪp) n. the trachea of an air-breathing vertebrate. wind·pipe (wĭnd′pīp′) See trachea. Thesaurus Antonyms Related Words ...

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