watertight

　 　

WordNet

1. not allowing water to pass in or out

PrepTutorEJDIC

1. 水の漏らない,防水の / (議論などが)水も漏らさない,完ぺきな

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出典(authority):フリー百科事典『ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』「2013/05/24 10:58:13」(JST)

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"Waterproof" redirects here. For the town in Louisiana, USA, see Waterproof, Louisiana.

Waterproof or water-resistant describes objects relatively unaffected by water or resisting the ingress of water under specified conditions. Such items may be used in wet environments or under water to specified depths. Waterproofing describes making an object waterproof or water-resistant (such as a camera, watch or mobile phone).

"Water resistant" and "waterproof" often refer to penetration of liquid water. Permeation of water vapor is reported as a water vapor transmission rate. Also, water from condensation is usually separate from "water resistant".

The hulls of boats and ships were once waterproofed by applying tar or pitch. Modern items may be waterproofed by applying water-repellent coatings or by sealing seams with gaskets or O-rings.

In construction, a building or structure is waterproofed with the use of membranes and coatings to protect contents underneath or within as well as protecting structural integrity. The waterproofing of the building envelope in construction specifications is listed under '07 - Thermal and Moisture Protection' within MasterFormat 2004, by the Construction Specifications Institute, and includes roofing material as well as waterproofing materials^{[citation needed]}.

Waterproofing is used in reference to building structures (basements, decks, wet areas, etc.), watercraft, canvas, clothing (raincoat, waders) and paper (e.g., milk and juice cartons).

Waterproofing should not be confused with roofing, as roofing cannot necessarily withstand hydrostatic head, and waterproofing can.

The standards for waterproofing bathrooms in domestic construction have improved over the years, due in large part to the general tightening of building codes.

Construction waterproofing

Main article: weatherization

In building construction, a structure needs waterproofing since concrete itself will not be watertight on its own (but note concrete is easily waterproofed with additives). The conventional system of waterproofing involves 'membranes'. This relies on the application of one or more layers of membrane (available in various materials: e.g., bitumen, silicate, PVC, EPDM etc.) that act as a barrier between the water and the building structure, preventing the passage of water. However, the membrane system relies on exacting application, presenting difficulties. Problems with application or adherence to the substrate can lead to leakage. In the UK these membranes are rarely allowed below ground below the water table.

Over the past two decades, the construction industry has had technological advances in waterproofing materials, including integral waterproofing systems as well as more advanced membrane materials.

Integral systems work within the matrix of a concrete structure, giving the concrete itself a waterproof quality. There are two main types of integral waterproofing systems: the hydrophilic and the hydrophobic systems. A hydrophilic system typically uses a crystallization technology that replaces the water in the concrete with insoluble crystals. Various brands available in the market claim similar properties, but not all can react with a wide range of cement hydration by-products, and thus require caution. Hydrophobic systems use fatty acids to block pores within the concrete, preventing water passage.

New membrane materials seek to overcome shortcomings in older methods like PVC and HDPE. Generally, new technology in waterproof membranes relies on polymer-based materials that are extremely adhesive to create a seamless barrier around the outside of a structure.

Oil based Waterproofing

Oil based waterproofing is generally used for roof leakage after construction.

Waterproofing of Objects

Waterproofing techniques have been implemented in several types of objects, going from different clothing products to paper packaging, cosmetics, and more recently, consumer electronics. Even though it is possible to find waterproof wrapping or other types of protective cases for electronic devices, a new technology enabled the release of diverse water-resistant smartphones and tablets in 2013. The method is based on a special nano-technology coded to be a thousand times thinner than a human hair, that prevents water damage in electronics. Several manufacturers are now using the nano-coating technique on their smartphones, tablets and digital cameras.

Standards

• ASTM C1127-Standard Guide for Use of High Solids Content, Cold Liquid-Applied Elastomeric Waterproofing Membrane with an Integral Wearing Surface
• ASTM D3393-Standard Specification for Coated FabricsWaterproofness
• D6135-Standard Practice for Application of Self-Adhering Modified Bituminous Waterproofing
• IEC 60529-Degrees of protection provided by enclosures (IP Code)
• [British Standards Institution (BSI)] BS.8102:2009 - 'Protection of Below Ground Structures against Water from the Ground'.

References

• Water-Proofing and Construction Chemicals.

See also

• Bituminous waterproofing
• Durable water repellent (DWR) coatings
• Insulation
• IP Code
• Sika AG
• Soundproofing
• Water Resistant mark
• Water vapor transmission rate
• Waterproof digital camera
• Waterproof fabric
• Waterproof paper

UpToDate Contents

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English Journal

• Reduction of bone dust with ultrasonic bone aspiration: implications for retrosigmoid vestibular schwannoma removal.

• Weber JD1, Samy RN2, Nahata A1, Zuccarello M3, Pensak ML2, Golub JS4.
• Otolaryngology--head and neck surgery : official journal of American Academy of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery.Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg.2015 Jun;152(6):1102-7. doi: 10.1177/0194599815573198. Epub 2015 Mar 9.
• OBJECTIVE: Postoperative headache is not uncommon after retrosigmoid vestibular schwannoma removal. Bone dust dispersed into the subarachnoid space during drilling may be responsible. If dispersion could be reduced, headache incidence might be decreased. An ultrasonic bone aspirator (UBA) containing
• PMID 25754180

• Endoscopic Valves and Irrigation Devices for Flexible Ureteroscopy: Is There a Difference?

• Tarplin S1, Byrne M, Monga M, Sivalingam S.
• Journal of endourology / Endourological Society.J Endourol.2015 May 8. [Epub ahead of print]
• BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE: A variety of ureteroscopic irrigation systems are available, ranging from gravity-driven pressure bags to hand-operated pumps. Endoscopic valves maintain a watertight seal during ureteroscopy (URS) while facilitating passage of instruments. The clinical utility and ergonomics
• PMID 25793630

• Extracranial growth of glioblastoma multiforme.

• Forsyth TM1, Bi WL1, Abedalthagafi M2, Dunn IF3, Chiocca EA4.
• Journal of clinical neuroscience : official journal of the Neurosurgical Society of Australasia.J Clin Neurosci.2015 May 5. pii: S0967-5868(15)00184-8. doi: 10.1016/j.jocn.2015.03.018. [Epub ahead of print]
• We present a 59-year-old woman who noted an enlarging lump on her forehead 6months after a left frontotemporal craniotomy for tumor resection and chemoradiation of her primary glioblastoma multiforme (GBM). GBM is a highly aggressive intracranial neoplasm associated with the shortest survival time o
• PMID 25956620

Japanese Journal

• 大型伸縮装置(KMA-320)の止水性能試験

• 川田技報 Kawada technical report 34, 6p, 2015-01
• NAID 40020315654

• Exploring the Potential of the Functionally Graded SCCC for Developing Sustainable Concrete Solutions

• Journal of Advanced Concrete Technology 13(3), 193-204, 2015
• NAID 130004725774

• 金属蓋を持つ俵型軽量高強度セラミックス耐圧容器

• 日本船舶海洋工学会講演会論文集 (19), 499-502, 2014-11
• NAID 40020457712

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